Should women be allowed in the military And to what extent Research Paper

Should women be allowed in the military And to what extent - Research Paper Example This paper is an attempt to analyse whether women should be allowed in the military and in doing so the paper deals with the variety of traditional and modern roles that women have played in the military service. The role of women in military There has been the participation of women in the US military service starting from the formation of the union and they were often present in the warfare during the 18th and 19th centuries undertaking spy works, nursing, cooking and laundry works. Margaret Conrad Devilbiss classifies the areas of women participation in the military during the American Revolution in to three as â€Å"first, those referred to as women of the army or army women; second, those enlisted as regular troops fighting in uniform side by side with male continentals; and third, women serving as irregular fighters affiliated with local military companies† (Devilbiss 1). Women of army were having responsibilities to support the artillery in the warfare along with provid ing treatment in the military hospitals and in the war field. The second category has performed as regular enrolled soldiers and some of them fought disguised as men together with male soldiers. Separate military units were also formed during that period composed partly or entirely of women for the purpose of local defence. A continuation of women participation was observed in the US military activities of the 19th century such as the war of 1812, the civil war during the period 186-65 and the Spanish-American war of 1898 and they focussed mainly on the health care of soldiers as the number of death resulting from injuries and also from diseases were increasing and the situation was demanding the service of experienced physicians and nurses who possess emotional and Psychological stability, strength, bravery and willingness to work under risky environments to take care of the injured (Devilbiss 1). It can also be seen that women in military were allotted more of bureaucratic and tec hnical roles rather than military service on the war front (Caforio 290). The present role of women in military is not restricted to the field of health care and they also perform various other critical functions such as the operation of automatic weapons, driving military trucks, and flying fighter plains. However they are not allowed to enrol in units such as artillery or infantry where a direct combat with enemy is essential. Considering the words of Ms. Donnelly, the president of the Centre for Military Readiness based at Michigan, â€Å"Civilized nations do not subject women to combat violence. We sometimes don't have a choice about sending young men into war, but we do have a choice about young women. And we decided as a commission, in the majority, to say that, 'No, violence against women, we do not endorse that. We support women in the military, but we don't have to submit them to direct violence in combat.† The statement provides a clear picture regarding how women s hould be positioned in military. According to Ms. Donnelly’s observation it is necessary to have women in military to undertake a large variety of non traditional jobs and thereby to support various military functions (Role of Women in US Military Gets Renewed Debate). Women also possess precision,

Significance of Organizational Behaviour in Managing Human Resources Essay

Significance of Organizational Behaviour in Managing Human Resources - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in almost all cases, human resources are considered as the key towards the success of a business organization. Considering the tight competition in the global markets, proper management of human resources has gained importance within the private and public sector. In general, this report will discuss the significant contribution of organizational behavior in the management of human resources. Â  As compared to the use of another leadership style, this report will highlight the benefit of using transformational leadership style when it comes to managing, motivating and maximizing the use of each employee’s talent and acquired skills. With this in mind, differences between the benefits of using transformational leadership will be compared with the use of autocratic, authoritative and transactional leadership approach to managing employees. Also related to the idea of motivating employees to perform well in their assigned task, th is report will explore the benefit of using intrinsic rewards over the use of an extrinsic form of rewards. A corporate leadership is a special skill that each manager should possess in order to make them become a competent leader. In almost all circumstances, it is unacceptable for a leader to make a quick judgment towards people and/or a business situation without having a concrete evidence to back him up in the end. It means that a good leader is expected to have a combination of wisdom, integrity, sensitivity, and tenacity (WITS). Since a manager must always base decisions on concrete facts, the author mentioned that a good leader must have these traits to be able to have a clear vision of the business trends. Kotter mentioned that having a good leadership skill is important in terms of enabling managers to become more effective in terms of delegating the task to each employee. Even though there are some managers who are fully equipped with proper management skills, some of them will remain unable to make a business successful in terms of competing in the global market because of the absence of good leadership skill.

Analysis of Consumption Patterns of Different Socioeconomic Groups

Analysis of Consumption Patterns of Different Socioeconomic Groups The research reported in this thesis was on Analysis of Consumption Patterns of Different Socio Economic Groups. The purpose of research was to study the socio-economic impact of consumption of the households and how they spend their income. The secondary data was collected by consultation of literature in the libraries and Internet and also from the material printed by different academic journals. The primary data was gathered by floating questionnaires and conducting several different interviews. Stat graphic software was applied to analyze data for multiple regression analysis and the results were interpreted by usual principles of statistics. The findings suggested that the consumption was a very crucial function of income but there were other factors apart from income that affected the level of consumption of household and their preferences. This would have an effect on the economic level as well, hence marketers should know and understand the needs of the household to target th ere product and services to households for betterment of the society as well as profitability of the firm. INTRODUCTION Overview of the topic under consideration Consumption is a topic on which a lot of research has been carried out by the economists and psychologists to know what leads to different levels of satisfaction from consumption what factors lead to variation in consumption patterns of households with same income levels. This research paper intends to find out important factors that influence the consumption levels of various households, whether the individual preference has impacts or not while making consumption decisions on a household level. What boundaries restrict the consumption levels? The consumption pattern in Pakistan has improved over the years for various reasons such as increase in incomes and more availability of different kinds of goods and services but there always have been class conflicts present hence leading to disparities among rich and the poor classes. So the growth in consumption has been in different amounts among the different socio economics groups this leads to an immense increase in the social stratification. Apart from factors such as size of the family, occupation, structure of the family, standard of living and location one of the factors that has direct relation with the consumption is population. If the population increases the consumption level changes drastically. Similarly if the population consists of elderly or has baby boomers the pattern of consumption is affected greatly by the type of goods and services produced in the economy is affected moreover consumption patterns influence the dispersion of income and at times leads to motivation for earning a higher wage and this thesis would provide us with the deeper understanding of consumers and their household consumption pattern and their motivation behind earning and spending in a particular manner. Background of the topic Consumption function in economics is the relationship between consumer spending and the various factors that are determining it the consumption function comes into formation due to accumulated spending of all the households in the economy hence at the Economic level the uniqueness of consumption functions are imperative for many questions in both macroeconomics and microeconomics. At the smaller level that is the household or family level, these factors may comprise of income, wealth, expectations about the level and riskiness of future income or wealth, interest rates, age, education, and family size. Individual level the consumption function is also inclined by the consumers preferences that are behavioral in nature such as patience, or the willingness to delay gratification, by the consumers approach towards risk, and by whether the consumer wishes to leave a inheritance to their family members. Theories and hypothesis were developed by Keynes on consumption patterns these were evolved from the early studies that supported the fact the short run marginal propensity to consume was much more stable when compared with average propensity to consume. Economists further more refined the original work of Keynes and came up with theories of permanent income hypothesis, theory of life cycle hypothesis and demonstration effect hence they were able to establish the fact that consumption was extremely responsive to income changes on which Duesenberry tried to refute it with demonstration effect hypothesis. These theories still could be found in various economic text books Economists developed Engel curves these curve showed consumption levels and patterns graphically they even derived budget constraints curves with the help of indifference curves providing a lot of evidence as how and what effects the consumption that in turn shows the status and the lifestyles of an individual household in the economy. Importance of the study with respect to the world Consumption level helps in identifying the level of demand of goods and services in the economy and the type of goods and services that are demanded in a particular economy and indicate what sort lifestyle a particular society is enjoining example Americans are famous for not saving and they consume a lot of consumer non durable items when compared with rest of the world .Hence saving hampers consumption and can greatly affect overall demand in the economy if there is a lot of saving in the economy marginal propensity to consume goes down showing that saving and consumption has a negative relationship. This could lead to greater problems at a macroeconomic level such as reduction in aggregate demand and unemployment of resources in the economy here government also needs to intervene and to improve the economy this would be achieved by increasing demand by increasing the government spending. These days consumption patterns are highly influenced by multinational or transnational companies this phenomena is known as mass consumption or consumerism. Consumption of goods produced by MNCS or TNCs has lead to the adoption of different cultures and consumption patterns in a local household a common example of this would of Mc Donalds today you might be in any part of the world but you would always find a branch of Mc Donalds due to globalization in the economy would lead to greater choices that an individual would face while making consumption decisions hence changing consumption patterns of a very traditional economy like Pakistan. Other factor that could potentially change the consumption pattern would be technology as traditional goods and services would become redundant and no longer will be demanded hence this would lead to fluctuation in consumption levels as well as the patterns of consumption. There is high inequality in consumption patterns among different countries due to differentiation in social classes differentiation and difference in per capita income, population and various other factors there are market biases on the bases of luxury or mass consumption of goods. Importance of study with respect to Pakistan Since Pakistan is a developing country it has a lot of different classes and a lot of population mostly consisting of children and teenagers with such a diverse society there is a lot of difference in consumption level and patterns they are influenced by income, religion, locality in which a particular household resides and the occupation of the head of the household is since Pakistan has a strong culture of saving and transferring bequest to future generation hence how does a particular household decides what to consume and how to consume? We consume a lot differently when compared with the western society as they focus on more luxury items and consumer durable goods on the other in our society households focuses on basic necessities of life. More over there is a lack of studies that have been carried out on the consumption pattern of socio economic groups that are prevalent in Lahore. Reference groups play an important role in determining the consumption patterns of various households and demonstration effect has the strongest effect on the consumption of the households in Lahore among the various different classes. This research paper would help to unravel the preference of the households and the types of goods that they consume and how do they decide and come to common grounds while they consume as in single unit of family since we have a very strong culture of living together in extended families. As many generations are living and consuming together the basket of goods and services that they consume would be highly differentiated. But these days trends are changing and people are moving towards nucleus family system and Pakistan is enjoying a lot of female participation in work force hence will this new trend affect the way a family consumes as a household? Secondly Lahories as consumer have a lot of choice and since at this day and age a lot trend is shifting toward mass customization this research paper would allow to analysis such trends in Lahore. Research question Consumption patterns of different socio-economic groups take into consideration the three main social classes the elite class, the middle income group and the lower income group that resides in three different localities of Lahore namely interior Lahore or the old Lahore, Allama Iqbal Town and Defence housing authority. Households with different casts and religion would be targeted to cover the maximum number of the different socio economic group. There is a lot of diversity in terms of socio economic groups in Lahore hence their consumption patterns also varies drastically they have income that ranges from 3000 rupees monthly to more than 80,000 rupees. A developing country like Pakistan faces a lot of discrimination in terms of income disparities, low income per capita income and a growing population that effect consumption as a whole. The research question for my thesis is a combination of macroeconomics and consumer behavior. It would provide us with the deeper understanding of consumers and their household consumption patterns. This would further allow producers to target and position their products in such a way that they become an integral of household consumption and as a result the economy can flourish. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Ying (2003) conducted a research explaining the fact how children influenced the spending patterns of family and in about 27.8% of families, childrens consumption uses one third of the familys total income. In 35.6% of families, childrens consumption uses 40% of the familys total income. In 19.4% of families, childrens consumption takes one half of the familys income. And in 7.4% of families, childrens consumption takes over one half of the familys income. Thus in most families, the childs consumption level is higher than the average per capita consumption of the family. He highlighted various factors such as higher education levels for children including extra amounts paid for private education and tutors moreover more recreational activities and high end gadgets like mobiles phone, laptops and increased expense towards health care of the children. Krueger and Perri (2005) found out in a research paper that increase in income inequality in U.S.A was prevailing but there was no inequality consumption. This was because of different trends within-group inequality which was faced an increase in income and a little less increase consumption. They developed a simple framework to identify analytically that how income inequality could result in consumption inequality with respect to standard incomplete market model thus they wanted to document this consumption inequality facts from the U.S data. They have used data from the Consumer Expenditure (CE) Survey for the years 1980-2003. Cutler (2005) tries to identify implied marginal propensity to consume out of a given income level in Hong Kong for doing this he develops a proxy measure for labor income then tries to estimate consumption function with respect to life cycle model. The author develops a reliable relation between proxy measure of labor income and long run propensity to consume the estimate calculated comes out to be 0.87 for Hong Kong depicting the fact the marginal propensity to consume is in line with other industrial countries of the world. Carroll, Fuhrer and Wilcox (1994) conducted a research paper which talks about habit formation that is the consumption done when a household is not enjoying same level of income as it did previously but the consumption patterns of the household remains the same. Secondly they tried to analyze the impact of consumer sentiments on the consumption patterns taking into considerations the various economic variables into account. They ruled out permanent income and pure life cycle hypothesis and stated consumer spending is an unclear measure of uncertainty when uncertainty increases the level of consumption falls hence leading to precautionary savings. Chow, Fung and Ngo (2001) did a research about the Chinese economy and Chinese entrepreneurs who have grown along with the Chinese economy this consumer group is the most influential in consuming expensive goods and services. This research paper compares and contrasts the consumption habits of low income business with that of entrepreneurs coming to conclusion that small businesses incomes are transitory and more volatile hence their consumption is less and they tend to save more on the other hand entrepreneurs earn more and spend more lavishly on meals, traveling, private education and luxury items. Geographic locations and socio-demographics of household have significant effects on the tastes and preferences. Similarly socializing activities that are carried out by the entrepreneurs are the second largest expense in their budgets as they need a lot of networking to carry out the business. But on the other hand low income groups tend to spend a large proportion of expenditure on act ivities such as medical care, socializing and education of their children. The authors have run a regression model using various factors such socio demographics and other factors to find out strongest affecting variable. Aydin (2006) talks about the consumption patterns in turkeys different socio economic classes and finds out that globalization has led to transformation, reconfiguration and reformulations of class structure and this is leading to social shifts from class based politics to identity politics, ideology to lifestyles and mass production to consumption these forces have fuelled the social change hence leading to emergences of new middle class living a new leisure lifestyle. The research reapproved the fact that social class variables had a significant on consumption income had the strongest positive effect of all at the consumption level simultaneously income did not alter the influence of class difference. Education had effected the class differentiation the group with higher education had better living standards thus making education important mediating factor. The analysis in this research paper depicted the class structuration results due to interaction income, education levels, and residential location. Phipps and Burton (1998) did a research where they assume that the household consumer behavior is equal to household utility function and this function is maximized with respect to single budget constrain and incomes from both the partners are pooled. But both the partners have different utility functions; the households comprising of teenagers with incomes add more complication to analysis hence they preferred to avoid it. They found household income, education levels of husband and wife, region, level of urbanization, age and number of children is of great importance to household utility curve. Income earned by the wife is more likely to be used for restaurant food, her clothes and kids clothes. Whereas husbands income is allocated towards transportation, they considered clothing as personal private good and it increased with the levels of income of each individual. Thomas (1993) this paper tries to find out whether all household members share same preferences or they are dictated by any one member of the household. Data taken into consideration is from a survey carried out by Instituto Brasilleri De Geografia they came to a conclusion that when income is in hands of females shares of expenditure increases towards housing, education, health, household services and recreation when males are given the budget they tend to spend excess on health, household service and recreation. Education is considered intervening variable for earning hence increase in consumption, so they exclude education from demand function and include it as a valid instrument for total income. The researchers have come to these conclusions by conducting linear and quadratic models on the complied data. Bonney (1988) previously sociological analyst of British class structure consider males as the only major determinant of the social class position of the household along with time the trends have changed today there is greater involvement of married females in paid work. This phenomenon is making wives extremely important in family budgets and the socio class location of the household, a husbands increase in wage would negatively affect females participation in paid work but on the other hand the increase in wives earning would have smaller but negative effect on their counterparts income. This increases their say in consumption as they are now more economically active. Sommer (2003) discuses that under habit formation it is difficult for the households to adjust to their new income levels this happens gradually if a tax cut is implemented they respond to such policy slowly. But some consumers save a specific amount of income as a precautionary measure to maintain a similar standard of living. Megir (2004) talks about the theory of consumption function that played a vital role in explaining Keynesian demand management. Transitory tax policy or transitory income could have insignificant effect on real consumption though income is more volatile than consumption but the long run marginal propensity to consume out of the income is higher than the short run. Dorlando(2010) carried out a research to investigate the importance of behavioral principals in micro-foundation of Keynes consumption theory. It was concluded that behavioral instead of maximizing principals can be rightfully considered as possible for micro foundation for Keyness work. He said there are chances of cross fertilization of Keynesian approach and behavioral sciences in reference to theory consumption function. This research showed that utility maximization is not the major focus Keynes representation of individuals behavior and many subjective factors are included in the consumption theory lastly the traditional aggregate consumption function is immensely based on maximizing agents. Khan and Dhar (2004) carried out a research on behavioral decision theoretic perspective on hedonic and utilitarian choices and they found out that difference between purchase and consumption of goods and service found out that there is a very thin line which consumer does not even realize and decision making of consumption is merely affected by income, preference and lifestyle of the consumer. Tai and Tam (1997) discussed the lifestyle of females that was changing due to the different socio economic factors such as delayed marriage, smaller family size and single parents have lead to changing dynamics of consumer market as a result the consumer preference are changing and consumption pattern of the families. All these research papers have added a new dimensions to the topic under consideration emphasis on the fact consumption is a vital function of income but there are many other factors that influence the consumption pattern there are incidence when two households with sane income level may have different consumption pattern due to lifestyle, preference and the stage of lifecycle they are in as a household greatly affects the consumption patterns. All these researches try to explore the behavior patterns that are crucial for molding the consumption pattern all these researches have added different key reasons and not a single research as been able to come up with any common behavior traits in the different societies of the world this phenomena indicate that the consumption patterns changing according to society the house hold resides in. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Research type The research undertaken would be quantitative research a lot of facts and figures would be included they would help to support the arguments that will be established after critically analyzing the results obtained by this research Data type and research period The research would be primary and secondary as a lot of previous research papers have been consulted for reference and further data would be collected regarding the Pakistani economy and how does an average Pakistan person consumes this research would be carried out in 2011 the data under consideration is cross sectional since its both secondary and primary . Sources of data The data would be collected through tailor made questionnaire that would help us to support our arguments and allow us come to a sound conclusion and recommendation at the end of the thesis. Secondly interviews the different retailers of the locality would be conducted to reduce the biases in the questionnaire as people hesitate to provide fair information. Thirdly I would take into consideration my own observation that would facilitate better understanding of the topic as well as its evaluation. The questionnaire was floated in among three various locations where many different socioeconomics groups were prevalent According to the questionnaire analysis the percentage of male and female is in the ratio of 42% and 58% respectively. Almost twenty different casts were targeted they showed that on average a household spends 50% of their income on food and 20% of income is spend on clothing and 10% of income is spend on housing, schooling and about 20 different casts were targeted through the questionnaires that floated among the three different localities respectively (see appendix A) The left over income is utilized by directed it towards saving and entertainment expenditure the ratio of income directed towards savings and entertainment expenditure is about 20% see appendix. In the various interviews that I have conducted, I found out that there is significant difference in the way the different socio economic groups spend their income and their consumption varies accordingly see appendix. The population of Pakistan is mostly humongous with a very s small numbers of minorities that are prevalent in Lahore basically the population trends majorly consists young population. Theoretical framework and variables under consideration Operational definitions Standard of living: It would include income spent on consumer durables, non- durables, health, recreation and entertainment, social services and luxuries goods by the households, larger the amount of the income spent on these goods would indicate that the household enjoys a higher level of standard of living and would be consuming a larger proportion of disposable income. Size of the family: The number of the people living together under one roof and consuming the pooled income i.e. An identical source of income despite the fact whether they are related or not would be considered as a family. Structure of the family: type of household taken into consideration would be nuclear family structure or the extended family structure apart from the two parents or the single parent households, all of these types of households are very common in Pakistan though the recent trends are shifting to nuclear family structure. Location: This would take into consideration the area in which a particular household resides there are three localities under considerations in this research paper, each of these localities would be depicting different socio economics classes in terms of income, standard of living, occupation and sizes and structure of the families living there. Occupation: The means from where the households generates income for consumption purposes this would even account for income generated from assets that a particular household maintains e.g. rent on assets or return on capital and things like credit cards would also be included as they tend to increase the disposable income for the household thus allowing them to attain a higher consumption level. The life-cycle model: it states that save when people are young for their old age they do this to dis-save in their old age as they have no other income sources to support their consumption. Hence this would lead to fluctuations in consumption patterns. They can finance their old age either by selling off the assets that they have accumulated in their young or by saving income. Discussion Economic model of the income spent on consumption was developed by John Maynard Keynes he mastered this area of economics by developing various theories such as absolute income hypothesis, which supports and states that consumption is solely a function of disposable income earned in that period of time in that. Difference between predictions of Keyness and other economists leads to various empirical data sets, in the long run, this led to a number of other theories related to consumption that emerged after Keynes work-most prominently, these were based on relative income (Duesenberry), permanent income ( Milton Friedman ), and life-cycle income (Modigliani and Brumberg). Keynes stated that a change in income will result in a relatively smaller change in consumption; the marginal propensity to consume will be less than one. Keynes also argued that the marginal propensity to consume will be less than the average propensity consumed, which in return stated that consumption declines as a percentage of income as income rises or we can say antagonistically as income increases the consumption decreases. Short-run studies broadly depict the consumption function of this sort, but long-run data showed that the marginal propensities and the average are roughly equivalent. The relative income hypothesis supports consumption related to other households and their past income. Firstly it implies that the proportion of income consumed by the household remains same, assuming that the position of a household remains constant in the long run on the distribution curve. This provides us with the long-run evidence. If the household is placed on the higher side, propensity to consume stays on the lower average. Secondly household is easier adjusted with the rising incomes as compared to the falling incomes this is known as ratchet effect which handles the consumption when there is a decline in the income this is mainly due to habit formation of consumption by the households. The measurement of life time income is an issue of key importance to measure consumption as a function. Permanent income hypothesis states that consumption pattern is directly dependent on the total income and the total wealth which an individual expects to earn over their lifetime. The life-cycle hypothesis on the other hand assumes that individuals that consume a steady proportion of their income and that the present value of their life time income as a measure in a number of financially various areas of life where an individual earns different amount of income at various ages such as, childhood, adolescence , and old age CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Result generated through software stat graphic Multiple Regression equation y = 0.747966 + 0.152745*location + 0.11217*occupation + 0.100276*size of the family + 0.142338*standard of living + 0.267032*structure of the family The results of the multiple linear regression model to the raw that was collected by the questionnaire, describes the relationship between y and 5 independent variables. The equation of the model that is mentioned below is showing how strong relation each independent variable has with the dependent variable y. y = 0.747966 + 0.152745*location + 0.11217*occupation + 0.100276*size of the family + 0.142338*standard of living + 0.267032*structure of the family In view of the fact that the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.01, there is a statistically there is a strong relationship between the variables at the 99% confidence level. The R-Squared statistic shows that the model as fitted explains 99.0259% of the variability in y. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more appropriate for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 23.2334%. The standard error of the estimate demonstrates the standard deviation of the residuals to be at the figure of 0.51929. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.373951 is the average value of the residuals. Hence this statistical information ensures that the statistical model that is developed is statistically strong and could be accepted as good model for the research paper. In determining whether the model can be cut down or not, notice that the highest P-value on the independent variables is the figure of 0.2039, belonging to size of the family Since the P-value is greater or equal to 0.10, that term is not statistically significant at the 90% or higher confidence level. Consequently, I could even remove size of the family from the model as this variable has p- value greater than 0.10. Research hypothesis Size of the family affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant H1: insignificant Occupation affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant H1: insignificant Structure of the family affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant H1: insignificant Standard of living affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant H1: insignificant Location of households affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant H1: insignificant Discussion of hypothesis Now these research hypotheses would now be discussed in detail so that we now as to what could be the possible reason of these hypotheses to be rejected. Stat graphic was used to generate the multiple regression analysis. Size of the family affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant H1: insignificant Reject H0 because P value is more than 0.01% The p-value of this particular hypothesis turned out to be 0.2039 which shows that this value is greater than 0.01 hence, Size of family hypothesis gets rejected because of the fact major respondents think and strongly believes on the fact the responsibility of every soul is on Allah hence many respondents said they dont consider the size of their family when they spend their income and many Pakistani head of the families said that they earn for their families to provide them with comfortable life hence they dont even bother with the size of their family this fact is one of the main reasons of Pakistanis high population . This phenomenon is highly prevalent in low income groups. But middle income and high income groups try to spend strategically. Occupation affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant

Classroom Management And Discipline In Regular Classrooms

In â€Å" Learning to Teach, Teaching to Learn, † Harry and Rosemary Wong describe the successes and the jobs encountered by Jessica Fenton, who portions how she overcame some major obstructions she faced in her first twelvemonth of instruction. Fenton ‘s first challenge was that she was trained as an simple school instructor, but upon graduation, she was offered ( and accepted ) a place learning 9th grade English. Fenton felt overwhelmed and unprepared from the beginning, confronting jobs that were ne'er addressed in her college instruction classs. She was beguiling her clip instruction, coaching, chaperoning school dances, volunteering on assorted commissions, and assisting with graduation. Fenton was working from seven A.M. to midnight and still felt unprepared. By Christmas interruption of her first twelvemonth of instruction, Fenton was close to giving up on her dreams of being a instructor. Alternatively, she decided it was clip for a alteration and committed herself to larning how to go a better instructor. She attended seminars, attended workshops, read books, and stole any good thought she discovered along the manner. Fenton shortly realized that, with a few alterations, she could turn it all about. She started by developing a list of processs that would do her schoolroom modus operandis run swimmingly. Using the three measure theoretical account taught in The First Days of School by Harry Wong, Fenton taught these processs to her pupils by explicating each process, patterning and practising them with the category, and implementing a method of follow through to reenforce each process. Once Fenton created a new degree of direction and organisation to her schoolroom, she was able to learn with easiness. She besides distributed two press releases to her pupils. The first was a department-wide class lineation that explained the literature they would be analyzing, how they would be graded, and the policies for assignments and prep. Most significantly, at the underside of the paper was this statement: â€Å" The grade of success earned by the pupil will depend on committedness and ownership. If the three participants: pupil, parent/guardian, and teacher, work together, the pupil will see success. † This press release was sent place to parents and defenders to see. The 2nd press release was a Course Information page that laid out her major processs, listed the specific dislocation of how each twenty-four hours was traveling to be run, explained their forenoon bellwork, what to convey to category every twenty-four hours, and how they were to form their work. When F enton returned to school from the vacation interruption, she was a changed instructor. Because Fenton set clear outlooks of her pupils and herself, she set the phase for a successful remainder of the twelvemonth. At the beginning of the school twelvemonth in 2009, Fenton got the chance to run into her long-time graven image, Erin Gruwell, the instructor of the Freedom Writers. As a new instructor in Long Beach, CA, Gruwell was shocked to larn that merely one pupil in her category knew of the Holocaust. At that minute, she decided that her course of study would focus on on tolerance. Gruwell inspired 150 deprived pupils write their narratives, do films about their lives, keep diaries, read books about other adolescents, and associate the stuffs they studied to their ain lives. These pupils became known as the Freedom Writers. Gruwell founded the Freedom Writer Foundation in 1997. The end of the foundation is to â€Å" animate immature pupils to pick up pens alternatively of guns. † Now Gruwell portions her experiences with instructors across the state. After run intoing Fenton, Gruwell offered her an chance to come to the Freedom Writer Institute in California. Fenton gracefully attende d the Institution, and took what she learned back to her schoolroom. Fenton and Gruwell portion a deep passion for pupils and their profession. One of Fenton ‘s ends is to associate to each of her pupils in a personal manner. Now, on the first twenty-four hours of school, Fenton begins with a Power Point presentation presenting herself, her personal grounds for why she loves to learn, and fun facts about herself. Subsequently, her pupils make full out an in-class checklist to place the manner they learn best, what their concerns are, and what countries of the stuff they are fighting with. This encourages unfastened communicating between Fenton and her pupils. Inspired by Gruwell, Fenton sets high outlooks for her pupils by holding them make full out a study that asks what grade they hope to accomplish and how they plan to make so. The pupils are required to subscribe a statement that states their personal committedness to accomplishing their ends. Fenton is now in her 4th twelvemonth of instruction, and she believes that she has the best occupation in the universe. As an active subscriber to the New Brunswick Teachers ‘ Association and a member of the Ad Hoc Planning Committee, she portions her passion and dedication to doing a difference in her pupils ‘ lives. Though Fenton is a successful instructor, her end is to go on to larn from her pupils and to go a better pedagogue. Analysis The text edition states that Jacob Kounin conducted schoolroom surveies in the 1960 ‘s to nail the best manner to near schoolroom direction and subject. He found that good instructors used identifiable processs for deriving pupil attending and clear uping outlooks. These thoughts, which coincide with the Managerial attack, were used by Jessica Fenton to go a more effectual instructor. By puting up clear regulations, processs, and outlooks, Fenton was able to pull off and form her schoolroom in the 2nd half of her first twelvemonth. This is the recommended attack for new instructors, and one time in topographic point in, Fenton ‘s schoolroom modus operandis flowed swimmingly. By puting up clear modus operandis and processs, her pupils were organized and ready to larn. This besides left less chance for misbehaviour, because Fenton was maximising their acquisition clip. The text edition besides discusses the work of William Glasser, a head-shrinker and a great educational mind. He believes there are seven linking wonts that instructors can utilize to better dealingss between themselves and their pupils: lovingness, listening, back uping, lending, promoting, swearing, and befriending. These wonts, portion of the Humanistic attack, are used by Fenton to better her relationship with her pupils. On the first twenty-four hours of school Fenton portions facts about herself that allow the pupils to acquire to cognize her better. She besides uses an in-class checklist, in which the pupils tell her about themselves and their concerns. This opens up the lines of communicating between pupil and instructor, and promotes a figure of the linking wonts mentioned by Glasser. Fenton besides promotes ripening by holding the pupils fill out a study inquiring the class they hope to accomplish, and how they plan to make so. The pupils sign a personal committedness to ac complishing this end. In drumhead, the acquisition in Jessica Fenton ‘s schoolroom did non happen merely for her pupils. Because she was passionate about her pupils and her profession, she worked to better fix herself as an pedagogue. Her penetration was non new, as evidenced in the work of Kounin and Glasser, but her cognition of the attack to learning was new to her. Her committedness to personal growing and larning sets a criterion for her pupils to follow. A Wong, Harry and Rosemary. â€Å" Learning to Teach, Teaching to Learn. † Teachers.Net. Mar. 2010. Web. 04 June 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //teachers.net/wong/MAR10/ & gt ; .

Advertising and Imagery: Big Mac Attack! Essay

The health dangers represented by excessive consumption of fast food such as that marketed by McDonald’s, though gaining increased recognition today, remain largely unknown or unacknowledged by a great many sectors of the American pubic. This is the premise which motivated the image pictured in Adbusters and subjected to discussion here. Entitled â€Å"Big Mac Attack,† the advertisement parody featured here uses dark humor rather than dry statistical information in order to drive home the point to fast food lovers and the general public that fast food leads to high cholesterol, high blood pressure and heart disease. The ad’s subject is a surgery room, which does not in any direct way seem to address the images associated with fast food. With an EKG monitor occupying the left hand foreground, the right-bound background shows a doctor and an assistant poring over an unseen heart patient. From the perspective of the viewer, the patient’s feet are visible, poking morbidly from the blanket covering the otherwise obscured body. The sharp right angle of the EKG monitor cuts in diagonally from off-screen, with the whole of the machine not totally visible. The bottom horizontal line forming the right angle serves to underline the lone print featured on the screen. The phrase ‘Big Mac Attack! ’ is featured here, as though a part of the EKG display. On the lower register of the vertical line in the right angle, a perpindicular line indicates the front edge of the thin bed frame. With almost perfect symmetry, the patient’s visible feet are angled outward and centered in this portion of the image. The two surgeons flanking him complete this symmetrical impression. Other shapes maintain the rigid consistency of the image, such as the chart dangling from the bed and the operating lamp hanging just above the patient. The lone point of distinction from this rigid angular orientation is in the distinguishing statement of value. This is the image of the so-called â€Å"Golden Arches,† which have been superimposed into the heart monitor read-out shown on the EGK machine. Here, the familiarity of the McDonald’s logo serves against the company’s image-management. Without depicting any of the themes such as fun, family and deliciousness that help it to sell its brand name, the ad invokes McDonald’s by using its household logo. This is sufficient to help clarify the purpose of the set of displayed images. Additionally, the farcical tone of the work becomes more apparent here. The faded and morose quality of the imagery here is interrupted only by the swooping image and its attendant colors. Indeed, the chromatic contrast here intended also plays a significant part in devising the impression to be drawn from the work. Specifically, the bleak blue, white and gray which haze over the patient and his physicians, sharply supplemented by the midnight blue and black hues of the EKG monitor, drive home a sense of impending doom. In the midst of this, the red and yellow elements of the ‘Golden Arches’ allow this part of the image to draw the focus of attention. This underscores the value of the work, which is driven by both its criticism of the product in question and its exploitation of the success which McDonald’s has enjoyed as a tremendously marketed brand icon. The composition is thusly conveyed, presenting the rather explicit statement that fast food can be deadly. Moreover, we are lead by the medium and approach to suggest that the authors of the ad parody also believe that McDonald’s advertising supremacy has been a direct contributing factor to the public health hazard represented by the public. This is, if nothing else, a small attempt recontextualize the brand image to meet public health rather than retail aims.

The Bible And Of The Pentateuch - 997 Words

Genesis Genesis is the first book of the Holy Bible and of the Pentateuch, which is more commonly referred to as the Law. Literary Genre: Narrative Dates and Authorship: Although, the author is never named it has been accepted that the book was written by Moses. The book was most likely written during the year that Moses spent at Mount Sinai where he wrote the books of Exodus and Leviticus, 1446-1445 B.C. (DeCanio, 2010) Key themes: God and Creation, (Genesis 1-2) God and Judgement, (Genesis 3:8-19, Genesis 4:9-15) Relationship between God and humanity, (Genesis 3:15, Genesis 12:3, Genesis 22:18) Fall of Man, (Genesis 3:22) and Divine Judgement by God (Genesis 3:14-19, Genesis 4:9-15).(DeCanio, 2010) Purpose: The book of Genesis’s purpose is to describe the building blocks of a theocracy that God created with mankind. Moses had to present and explain that from the very beginning, God had a divine plan for his people. This is why Moses goes into a detailed account of how the earth and mankind was created because it is important to realize that the same God who created us is the same God calling Abraham, later in the book of Genesis. Major Events: The creation of the world and of man who was made in God’s image to have a personal relationship with God and to rule over the world God had created. (Genesis 1:26-28) The fall of man into sin and the divine judgement by God. (Genesis 3:1-13) God’s promise to Abraham to bless him and all of his descendants and all of the otherShow MoreRelatedWaiting For The Land Book Review838 Words   |  4 Pagesbook for a number of reasons. Leder does a good job looking at the Pentateuch as a whole story, and tying it into the narrative of the bible. Basically, the whole story of the Pentateuch covers the giving of the law (for the purpose of fellowship), rejection of the law, and departure from fellowship. Leder also states that the Pentateuch has a chiastic structure, with Genesis standing in contrast of Deuteronomy. Part of the Pentateuch discusses the Israelites complete failure to follow directions.Read MoreAnalysis Of The Book Supporters Of The Documentary Hyp othesis 1349 Words   |  6 Pagesliterary style of the Pentateuch also offers evidence for the division into documents. Each document seems to carry its own traits and characteristics that define it from another document. For example, the J document features a much more active God in the Creation story. The E document, alternatively, has a more transcendent quality in how it depicts God’s role in the Creation. The differences in style offer no support that a single author was responsible for the Pentateuch. Finally, the date ofRead MoreThe Documentary Hypothesis Of The Bible1026 Words   |  5 Pagesthe traditional belief of the author of the first five books in the Hebrew Bible is believed to be Moses. The Pentateuch is the first division of the Hebrew Bible which consists of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Contrary to traditional belief, it is thought that the Pentateuch is a conglomeration of early written documents. The Documentary Hypothesis expl ains the issues of how and why the Pentateuch was written. The Documentary Hypothesis presents four source documents theRead MoreEssay on The Documentary Hypothesis: Past and Present1333 Words   |  6 Pagesbooks of the Pentateuch were really written by four different authors, and not Moses. This theory claims that afterwards various editors (called Redactors) blended the five books together and edited them to make them flow easier. Documentary Hypothesis is one form of higher criticism theology and is closely associated with Germany. This hypothesis has its roots as far back as the Middle Ages, but began mostly with scholars in the 19th century who recognized inconsistencies in the Pentateuch and soughtRead More1. Overview Of The Theology Of The Pentateuch.. Theology1422 Words   |  6 Pages1. Overview of the Theology of the Pentateuch. Theology is the study of God, and further the Theology of the Pentateuch is defined as what is the Pentateuch teaching us about God today. The Pentateuch is another name for the Torah, which consists of the first five books of the Biblical canon. Studying the theological vision contained within the Pentateuch is crucial to scholars since it is this vision that shapes the principal form of this work. Further, the foundation for the theology of GodRead MoreReview Of Genesis And The Garden Of Eden 1440 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning of The Bible, it starts out with Pentateuch, which refers to the first five books of the Christian Bible, Pentateuch is a Greek word that means â€Å"five scrolls†, which also refers to the compromise of the Torah. The first five books of The Bible are â€Å"Genesis†, â€Å"Exodus†, â€Å"Job†, â€Å"Psalms†, and â€Å"Song of Songs†. The Hebrews considered Pentateuch as the Torah which also means law becaus e they believed that it was handed down to Moses by God. In each of the books that is in The Bible, there are symbolsRead MoreUnderstanding The Way Jesus, The Disciples, And Most Of The Jewish Community1750 Words   |  7 Pagestwo communities began to exist as separate entities, it would be the end of the 2nd cent. B.C. when John Hyrcanus destroyed the temple on Mt. Gerizim and the Samaritans in all probability, like other groups, began to adapt certain passages in the Pentateuch to their particular theology. Although the Samaritans nowadays live in an area close to Tel-Aviv, they have live in Palestine, Egypt, Gaza, Damscus, Athens, Corinth, Saloniki, Delos, Constantinople, and Rome. There original land the Samaritans occupiedRead MoreThemes from Genesis 1-111238 Words   |  5 PagesTHE PENTATEUCH IS A RICH COLLECTION OF GENRES. DISCUSS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ITS LEGAL CATEGORIES. 1. Introduction. The Pentateuch consists of the first five books of the Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy; called Torah in Hebrew. The term Pentateuch is from the Greek for Penta (five) teuchos (books). Both Jewish and Christian traditions view these five books as a single unit, forming the backbone of the rest of the Bible. Both traditions placeRead MoreThe Five Old Volume Of The Pentateuch1048 Words   |  5 PagesPentateuch the five old volume, consisting of the first five books of the Old Testament.This word does not occur in Scripture, nor is it certainly known when the rollwas thus divided into five portions Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers,Deuteronomy. The JEDP theory fiferences scholars who believe or doubted that moses was the writer of the Pentateuch. Their view that the Pentateuch represents the conflation of four different sources rather than the work of primarily one author, traditionally MosesRead MoreEssay on Encountering the Old Testament2615 Words   |  11 PagesEncountering the Old Testament A Christian Survey Bill T. Arnold and Bryan E. Beyer Baker Books Caron M. Allen Doctor of Philosophy in Biblical Studies This paper is prepared for Newburgh Theological Seminary and College of the Bible March 16, 2013 INTRODUCTION I continued my study in pursuit of the doctoral degree in Biblical Studies by reading the text, Encountering the Old Testament. Little did I know when I began reading this text that it would so completely satisfy

Civil Disobedience And The Apartheid - 1428 Words

Throughout history, civil disobedience has been used to bring about change across a wide variety of civil rights issues. In India, Mahatma Gandhi used civil disobedience to nonviolently protest against the British Raj and, after a thirty-year struggle, earn independence both for himself and his people. In the United States, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. employed civil disobedience to overcome both the Jim Crow laws that had oppressed the African-American minority and the systemic racism that was once prevalent in the Southern United States. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela utilized civil disobedience to lead an anti-apartheid revolution to combat the apartheid system that systemically discriminated against the black inhabitants of South Africa. All three of these exemplary men have earned a Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts (the prize was not awarded in 1948 because â€Å"there was no suitable living candidate†, a tribute to Gandhi who was recently assassinated). Although v iolence could have been used to combat these civil rights violations, all three of these individuals chose not to resort to violence, in favor of a more amicable alternative: civil disobedience. Furthermore, all three of these cases help to demonstrate that in democratic societies, civil disobedience is both a necessary and effective tool that brings about deliberated change in both governmental and/or social systems without inciting violence. Civil disobedience is effective as a tool to bring about socialShow MoreRelatedLessons in Civil Disobedience828 Words   |  4 Pagesto its effectiveness, individualism, and past history of the world that has made immense progress. It is important to notice that if civil disobedience was not effective, then it would not be continually used to disobey the law. In The Role of Civil Disobedience in Democracy† by Kayla Starr, she explains why we have the right to participate in civil disobedience. â€Å"The U.S. Bill of Rights asserts that the authority of a government is derived from the consent of the governed, and whenever any formRead MoreCivil Disobedience And Deliberative Democracy1550 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Civil disobedience encompasses the refusal to obey governmental laws or orders. This concept that is well known in the context of South African history. There are many examples present throughout history, especially in the new constitutional era, such as fees must fall. In this essay I will consider this concept of civil disobedience, especially in a South African context as well as considering a quote by Jurgen Habermas in an article by William Smith titled Civil Disobedience and DeliberativeRead MoreWhat Makes A Breach Of Law An Act Of Civil Disobedience?1383 Words   |  6 Pagesact of civil disobedience? When is civil disobedience morally justified?† These are the basic questions that are asked when dealing with civil disobedience. According to John Rawls, civil disobedience is a nonviolent breach of laws by the public in order to reform or change laws or government policies. But Rawls’ concept of civil disobedience is too narrow. This raises many questions. Why sho uld civil disobedience be non-violent? Why does the public play a large role in civil disobedience? This paperRead MoreMahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela1504 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween passive acceptances and armed struggle. Non-violence way to participate in the social and political change is including nonviolent civil disobedience against, acts of civil disobedience or other powerful influence uncooperative antagonistic form; it is similar with pacifism, but it is not pacifism. Since the mid-20th century, non-violence and civil disobedience become the main form of social change, and it also is respected political and social philosophy. As the practice of social and politicalRead MoreCivil Disobedience, By Henry David Thoreau1650 Words   |  7 Pagesweakness? In his 1849 essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† American writer Henry David Thoreau explained he had refused to pay his poll tax to the U.S. government for six years because he opposed the U.S. engaged in war with Mexico. This kind of â€Å"civil disobedience,† Thoreau (1849) said, is crucial because â€Å"a minority is powerless while it conforms to the majority; it is not even a minority then†. In fact, he said, â€Å"It costs me less in every sense to incur the penalty of disobedience to the State than it wouldRead MoreLauren Creque. Mrs. Lucius. English 10 Honors. 24 April1473 Words   |  6 PagesLauren Creque Mrs. Lucius English 10 Honors 24 April 2017 Civil disobedience: Nelson Mandela There are a lot of people in this world that have made change. One of those people is Nelson Mandela. Nelson Mandela created change in this world through civil disobedience by bringing South Africa out of apartheid. Nelson Mandela (His birth name is Rolihlahla) on July 18, 1918 in a South African village called Mvezo. He went to a local missionary school where it is not rare for teachers to giveRead MoreA Peaceful Revolution : Mahatma Gandhi1088 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough nonviolent resistance. The mood of the Gandhian era was determined due to the fact that Gandhi had his heart set on giving his civilization a goal to find peace. All his satyagrahi followers were determined to achieve freedom through civil disobedience. Gandhi’s movements and campaigns were all executed through passive resistance. Philosophers thought Gandhi was naive for believing peace and nonviolence would conquer all, but Gandhi’s ideas and movements served as a catalyst for his satyagrahiRead More Nelson Mandela Essay examples1070 Words   |  5 Pagesus will have to pass through the valley of the shadow of death again and again before we reach the mountain top of our desires†. These are the wor ds of a man, Nelson Mandela, who fought for something that many would shy away from. He led the anti-apartheid movement, became the president of the African National Congress Youth League, and later became the president of South Africa winning the Nobel Peace Prize. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1942 started Nelson Mandela’s participation in the racial oppressionRead MoreMartin Luther King, And Nelson Mandela1678 Words   |  7 Pagesending segregations, and believes equal rights for blacks across the United States. Martin Luther King’s practice of nonviolence is directly borrowed from Thoreau s work of Civil Disobedience and Nonviolent Resistance, King even commented on the use of nonviolence by saying, â€Å"The teachings of Thoreau came alive in our civil rights movement.† In conclusion, Martin Luther King can be considered a transcendental thinker due to the philosophies he created, the Triple Evil philosophy and Six PrinciplesRead MoreMohandas Gandhi and Nelson Mandela746 Words   |  3 Pagesleader of Indias independence movement, organizing boycotts against British institutions in peaceful forms of civil disobedience, in 1948. As a nationalist leader he studied law in London and England, but in 1893 went to South Africa, where he spent 20 years opposing discriminatory legislation against Indians. As a pioneer of Satyagraha, or resistance through mass non-violent civil disobedience, he became one of the major political and spiritual leaders of his time. Satyagraha remains one of his most