Civil Disobedience And The Apartheid - 1428 Words

Throughout history, civil disobedience has been used to bring about change across a wide variety of civil rights issues. In India, Mahatma Gandhi used civil disobedience to nonviolently protest against the British Raj and, after a thirty-year struggle, earn independence both for himself and his people. In the United States, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. employed civil disobedience to overcome both the Jim Crow laws that had oppressed the African-American minority and the systemic racism that was once prevalent in the Southern United States. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela utilized civil disobedience to lead an anti-apartheid revolution to combat the apartheid system that systemically discriminated against the black inhabitants of South Africa. All three of these exemplary men have earned a Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts (the prize was not awarded in 1948 because â€Å"there was no suitable living candidate†, a tribute to Gandhi who was recently assassinated). Although v iolence could have been used to combat these civil rights violations, all three of these individuals chose not to resort to violence, in favor of a more amicable alternative: civil disobedience. Furthermore, all three of these cases help to demonstrate that in democratic societies, civil disobedience is both a necessary and effective tool that brings about deliberated change in both governmental and/or social systems without inciting violence. Civil disobedience is effective as a tool to bring about socialShow MoreRelatedLessons in Civil Disobedience828 Words   |  4 Pagesto its effectiveness, individualism, and past history of the world that has made immense progress. It is important to notice that if civil disobedience was not effective, then it would not be continually used to disobey the law. In The Role of Civil Disobedience in Democracy† by Kayla Starr, she explains why we have the right to participate in civil disobedience. â€Å"The U.S. Bill of Rights asserts that the authority of a government is derived from the consent of the governed, and whenever any formRead MoreCivil Disobedience And Deliberative Democracy1550 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Civil disobedience encompasses the refusal to obey governmental laws or orders. This concept that is well known in the context of South African history. There are many examples present throughout history, especially in the new constitutional era, such as fees must fall. In this essay I will consider this concept of civil disobedience, especially in a South African context as well as considering a quote by Jurgen Habermas in an article by William Smith titled Civil Disobedience and DeliberativeRead MoreWhat Makes A Breach Of Law An Act Of Civil Disobedience?1383 Words   |  6 Pagesact of civil disobedience? When is civil disobedience morally justified?† These are the basic questions that are asked when dealing with civil disobedience. According to John Rawls, civil disobedience is a nonviolent breach of laws by the public in order to reform or change laws or government policies. But Rawls’ concept of civil disobedience is too narrow. This raises many questions. Why sho uld civil disobedience be non-violent? Why does the public play a large role in civil disobedience? This paperRead MoreMahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela1504 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween passive acceptances and armed struggle. Non-violence way to participate in the social and political change is including nonviolent civil disobedience against, acts of civil disobedience or other powerful influence uncooperative antagonistic form; it is similar with pacifism, but it is not pacifism. Since the mid-20th century, non-violence and civil disobedience become the main form of social change, and it also is respected political and social philosophy. As the practice of social and politicalRead MoreCivil Disobedience, By Henry David Thoreau1650 Words   |  7 Pagesweakness? In his 1849 essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† American writer Henry David Thoreau explained he had refused to pay his poll tax to the U.S. government for six years because he opposed the U.S. engaged in war with Mexico. This kind of â€Å"civil disobedience,† Thoreau (1849) said, is crucial because â€Å"a minority is powerless while it conforms to the majority; it is not even a minority then†. In fact, he said, â€Å"It costs me less in every sense to incur the penalty of disobedience to the State than it wouldRead MoreLauren Creque. Mrs. Lucius. English 10 Honors. 24 April1473 Words   |  6 PagesLauren Creque Mrs. Lucius English 10 Honors 24 April 2017 Civil disobedience: Nelson Mandela There are a lot of people in this world that have made change. One of those people is Nelson Mandela. Nelson Mandela created change in this world through civil disobedience by bringing South Africa out of apartheid. Nelson Mandela (His birth name is Rolihlahla) on July 18, 1918 in a South African village called Mvezo. He went to a local missionary school where it is not rare for teachers to giveRead MoreA Peaceful Revolution : Mahatma Gandhi1088 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough nonviolent resistance. The mood of the Gandhian era was determined due to the fact that Gandhi had his heart set on giving his civilization a goal to find peace. All his satyagrahi followers were determined to achieve freedom through civil disobedience. Gandhi’s movements and campaigns were all executed through passive resistance. Philosophers thought Gandhi was naive for believing peace and nonviolence would conquer all, but Gandhi’s ideas and movements served as a catalyst for his satyagrahiRead More Nelson Mandela Essay examples1070 Words   |  5 Pagesus will have to pass through the valley of the shadow of death again and again before we reach the mountain top of our desires†. These are the wor ds of a man, Nelson Mandela, who fought for something that many would shy away from. He led the anti-apartheid movement, became the president of the African National Congress Youth League, and later became the president of South Africa winning the Nobel Peace Prize. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1942 started Nelson Mandela’s participation in the racial oppressionRead MoreMartin Luther King, And Nelson Mandela1678 Words   |  7 Pagesending segregations, and believes equal rights for blacks across the United States. Martin Luther King’s practice of nonviolence is directly borrowed from Thoreau s work of Civil Disobedience and Nonviolent Resistance, King even commented on the use of nonviolence by saying, â€Å"The teachings of Thoreau came alive in our civil rights movement.† In conclusion, Martin Luther King can be considered a transcendental thinker due to the philosophies he created, the Triple Evil philosophy and Six PrinciplesRead MoreMohandas Gandhi and Nelson Mandela746 Words   |  3 Pagesleader of Indias independence movement, organizing boycotts against British institutions in peaceful forms of civil disobedience, in 1948. As a nationalist leader he studied law in London and England, but in 1893 went to South Africa, where he spent 20 years opposing discriminatory legislation against Indians. As a pioneer of Satyagraha, or resistance through mass non-violent civil disobedience, he became one of the major political and spiritual leaders of his time. Satyagraha remains one of his most

Essay on Food Security in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Script for Geography Good morning/afternoon Today I will talk about food security in the Democratic Republic of Congo. DR Congo is an African country that consists of over 2,300,000 square kilometres (Central Intelligence Agency (US), 2013). The population in DR Congo is around seventy-five and a half million people with an average life expectancy of 56 years, a lot shorter than Australians (Central Intelligence Agency (US), 2013). The religion consists of Roman Catholic, Protestant and Muslims plus some other smaller religions (Central Intelligence Agency (US), 2013). The capital city is called Kinshasa, with other large cities called Lubumbashi, Mbuji-Mayi and Kananga (Central Intelligence Agency (US), 2013). The Democratic Republic of†¦show more content†¦In DR Congo there are two main agriculture regions, Plains of the east and the south and the eastern highlands (The Washington Post Company, 2001). In the plains coffee beans, potatoes and leeks are grown, while in the highlands tomatoes, sweet potatoes, yum and pumpkins are grow as the temperatures are cool and there is more fertile soil (The Washington Post Company, 2001). DR Congo is ranked 107th (the worst) in the world (Global Food Security Index, 2013). This ranking is produced by the lack of food affordability, food availability and more importantly the quality and safety of the food (Global Food Security Index, 2013). Every country, whether it’s DR Congo or America, have some strengths when it comes to food security. For DR Congo their strengths are agricultural import tariffs (affordability), Volatility of agriculture production (availability), and nutritional standards (quality and safety of food), just to name some (Global Food Security Index, 2013). Some challenges that DR Congo face, in terms of food security, can be put in three sections as stated before (Global Food Security Index, 2013). In the affordability section they have problems with access to financing for farmers, Food consumption and the proportion of the population that are under the poverty line (Global Food Security Index, 2013). In the next section, availability of food, they have problems with corruption, agricultural infrastructure andShow MoreRelatedEssay on History of the Democratic Republic of Congo1169 Words   |  5 PagesPrior to 1960, Belgium and their King, Leopold ruled the Congo region. They held great interests in the rubber industry and created harsh labor camps that exploited the people. That is why after gaining independence in 1960, the nation then known as Zaire plunged into chaos. Military unrest coupled with oppressive warlord throughout the region made it a very unstable state, ready to collapse. Nowadays, U.N. peacekeeping forces hold post s in the nation to maintain its stability. The United StatesRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Intervention1146 Words   |  5 PagesCrisis in Congo captivated an immense amount of attention from all around the world. The Crisis occurred between the early 1960s through to the middle of 1964. For about four years, several civil wars tore apart a country’s population causing an unbelievable number of deaths. The demand of human intervention came from many governments and non-governmental organizations. The United Nations, along with many other great powers of the world, decided the right way to handle the Crisis in Congo was withRead MoreRape As A Weapon Of War3044 Words   |  13 Pagesweapon of war, there are two main modern day conflicts that can not be overlooked. Rape as a weapon of war is brought into light by the wars of Congo and Bosnia. These two conflicts brought the eyes of the world onto the global issue of rape in war and more specifically how it is used as a tool of ethnocide and genocide. The recent conflict in the Congo has been rooted in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and related violence in Burundi which saw hundreds of thousands of Hutus flee both countries into easternRead MoreThe Democratic Republic Of Congo1452 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is still recovering from years of political upheaval and conflict and disruption. The war that lasted from 1996-2003 has meant that 6.4 million people are suffering from acute food insecurity which is an increase from July 2012 when 5.4 million were in danger,  ¼ children are malnourished and 70% of the population lacks access to adequate food (IPC, 2012). In 2009 the Global Hunger Index was the lowest in the world at just 39.1% and in 2002 a surveyRead MoreHistory of Central African Republic: Essay1743 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Central African Republic: The Central African Republic (CAR) is located in the heart of equatorial Africa. The country, with an estimated population of 4.4 million and a landmass of 622,984 sq km , is landlocked, sharing borders with Chad, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Republic of the Congo, and Cameroon. The country, a former colony of France (formerly known as Ubangi-Shari), gained independence on August 13, 1960. Like most former colonies, CAR was subject to interferenceRead MoreEssay on Comparative and Absolute Advantage4211 Words   |  17 Pagesthe upcoming years. The Democratic Republic of Congo In 2014, the economic growth rate of DRC Congo was 9.50 per cent. However, in the last quarter of 2015, the reported economic growth rate was 7.70per cent. Such economic data shows that the economic growth rate of the economy is in decline. However, the last quarter of 2015 indicates that the DRC Congo economy has improved slightly (Levchenko amp; Zhang, 2016). In spite of having abundant natural resources, DR Congo has the lowest level of GDPRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Operation Artemis1766 Words   |  8 Pagesis an European peacekeeping mission in the Democratic republic of Congo. The civil war in this middle region of Africa, which occurred after the Iraq war, saw the situation spiralling out of hands with the futile efforts by other international peacekeeping forces. Then the European Union decided to step in and curb the crisis. ’Operation Artemis’ was the very first peacekeeping force led by the EU, which tried to bring order in the Ituri region of Congo (DRC ) for three months. The first part of theRead MoreThe Problem Of Conflict Mineral2082 Words   |  9 Pagesoccurring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and throughout Central Africa dissolves. As though this supply chain was not already complex and spanning over a myriad of legal jurisdictions each with their own issues, it is estimated that shipments exchange hands at least seven times; moreover, somewhere amongst the stream of bribery and extortion used to sell these minerals they become legitimized goods that can then be sold to any party in the world.iv Since the advent of the Congo Wars lastingRead MoreGender Based Violence During And After Conflict1319 Words   |  6 Pagespeople a â€Å"spirit of brotherhood (#1),† â€Å"Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person (#3),† A call for justice, women’s rights as human’s rights and violence of war or conflict crimes, will continue to get support for women all around the world. This website has focused on these two concepts as a theme for their success in places across the globe such as Burma, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Kenya. This organization is compelling because it calls for justice for theRead MoreThe United Nations And Its Impact On The World s Most Vulnerable Areas Essay1808 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to the United Nations, â€Å"UN Peacekeeping helps countries torn by conflict create conditions for lasting peace† (United Nations ). Over the years, the United Nations has indeed laid the tools to promote peace and security in some of the world’s most vulnerable areas. Therefore, the United Nations is proud to have â€Å"built an impressive record of peacekeeping achievements over more than 60 years of our (their) existence, including winning the Nobel Peace Prize† (United Nations ). Nevertheless

Development of a New Zealand Identity free essay sample

My reports focus is to see how the New Zealand identity is portrayed in New Zealand art and literature. The texts I chose come from the early nineteenth century The Piano to the 1940s in Frank Sargesons short stories. Even though these texts may not be very modern, you can still see that there are a number of different factors that are in them which link to my theme. New Zealand Society In the short story ‘The Hole that Jack Dug’ and in the song ‘Whaling’, the male belongs to the working class. In The Hole that Jack Dug, Jack is a married man who a worker at a quarry. His wife doesn’t like that he does not get a better job, such as one in an office. Even though Jack has the ability to get a better job, he prefers labouring than anything else. In ‘Whaling’ this man is stuck as a whaler for a job, possibly because he lacks proper education. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of a New Zealand Identity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But Im whaling Not where I want to be. This lack of education forced him into a job he didnt want, which might have been what men had to do at the time. This brings up another issue of women being better educated than men. This can be seen in ‘The Hole that Jack Dug’ where Jacks wife is educated in England. shed been a governess read more than ten books by an author called Hugh Walpole. Because she is interested in literature and Jack isnt, their marriage isn’t a very good one. Jack shows rebellion against her and her interests, because of her resentment towards him. This can be seen as New Zealand not valuing education during the time which led to people like Jack having working class jobs. These working class jobs can be seen as a New Zealand tradition. Jack and the Whaler were both labourers, a line of work which has continued its way into our modern times. This is evident by the fact the New Zealand has a successful farming industry which requires a large amount of labour. It can also be linked to todays New Zealand men, who are do it yourself type people who like to fix things themselves. Men and women have not always got along well, as seen in Jane Campions film The Piano. The Piano follows a widow and her daughter. The widow has been married by her father to a New Zealand settler. Because Ada is mute and the act that she wasnt very willing to be married creates problems with her new husband. Ada enjoys playing the piano, an issue that her husband doesnt care too much about. Ada also has an affair with one of her husbands workers which makes him so angry that he cuts off her finger. This conflict between men and women can be seen today in the form of sexism and increasing divorce rates. This is also shown in ‘ The Hole tha t Jack Dug’ where Jacks wife convinces him that the hole was a bad idea and gets him to refill it. This is seen today as women overcome sexism. People like Helen Clark are elected in high positions in our society instead of men. Stereotypes In all of the short stories that I studied, one issue became clear: men don’t say much. This is shown in the ‘They Gave her a Rise’ and ‘The Making of a New Zealander’, both by Frank Sargeson. In ‘They Gave her a Rise’ the male in the story doesn’t say much. In ‘The Making of a New Zealander’, there is a young farmhand. Even though the story is centered around him, the narrator says very little Maybe theres nothing in it and maybe there is. This is often hard to understand, which is maybe why they didnt say much. It is clear that there are many different sides to the New Zealand identity and they are shown in great depth and detail in NZ literature, and that there are indeed many different viewpoints of it. In the majority of my texts the issue of working class was dealt with more than the other issues. The importance of wo rking class is still seen in modern NZ society. I think it is a good thing that these issues have had the effect they have because if society keeps advancing, then so will our sense of identity.

Undertake agreed pressure care free essay sample

Pressure sores or decubitus ulcers are the result of a constant deficiency of blood to the tissues over a bony area such as a heel which may have been in contact with a bed or a splint over an extended period of time. The surface of the skin can ulcerate which may become infected – eventually subcutaneous and deeper tissues are damaged besides the heel, other areas commonly involved are the skin over the buttocks, sacrum, ankles, hips and other bony sites of the body. Describe the four stages of a pressure sore A grade one –pressure ulcer is the most superficial type of ulcer. The affected area of skin appears discoloured and is red in a Caucasian person, and purple or blue in people with a darker complexion. Grade one pressure ulcers do not turn white when pressure is placed on them. The skin remains intact but it may hurt or itch, it may also feel either warm and spongy, or hard. We will write a custom essay sample on Undertake agreed pressure care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In grade two-pressure ulcers some of the outer surface of the skin (the epidermis) or the deeper layer of skin (the dermis) is damaged, leading to skin loss. The ulcer looks like an open wound or a blister. In grade three-pressure ulcers, skin loss occurs throughout the entire thickness of the skin. The underlying tissue is also damaged. However, the underlying muscle and bone are not damaged. The ulcer appears as a deep cavity like wound. A grade four-pressure ulcer is the most severe type of pressure ulcer. The skin is severely damaged and the surrounding tissue begins to die (tissue necrosis). The underlying muscles or bone may also be damaged. People with grade four pressure ulcers have a high risk of developing a life-threatening infection. Unit 229 Identify pressure sites of the body For those individuals that are bed bound they are more likely to suffer with pressure ulcers on their: †¢Shoulders and shoulder blades †¢Elbows †¢Back of the head †¢Rims of the ears †¢Knees, ankles, heels or toes †¢Spine †¢Tailbone (coccyx’s) For those individuals that use wheelchairs maybe more prone to pressure ulcers on their: †¢Buttocks †¢Back of arms, legs †¢The back of the hip bones Identify factors which might put an individual at risk of skin breakdown and pressure sores †¢Mobility problems †¢Poor nutrition †¢Aged (over 70 ) †¢Incontinence (urinary or/and bowl ) Serious mental health conditions †¢Underlying health condition ( that disrupts blood supply and makes skin more fragile) Unit 229 Describe how incorrect handling and moving techniques can damage the skin Poor positioning can lead to the individual slipping/sliding on the bed this action can cause friction and shearing of the skin, this can also happen by not using the correct techniques or equipment for instance by using a sliding sheet and placing the individuals feet being flat on the bed can help with correct positioning and reducing the risk of friction or shearing. Identify a range of interventions that can reduce the risk of skin breakdown and pressure sores †¢Relieving pressure †¢Promoting circulation (maintaining activity) †¢Allowing air to reach the skin †¢Reducing temperature and humidity and humidity †¢Avoiding incontinence †¢Allowing skin to being inspected †¢Good personal hygiene †¢Nutrition †¢Quit smoking Describe changes to an individual’s skin condition that should be reported You should report any new sore/ulcers or red areas to nurses or managers, or any changes to existing pressure sores should also be reported to nurses/doctors. Once the sore as progressed to a grade two this should then be more thoroughly investigated by outside sources, (social workers, and health boards). It is important to do regular inspections of the individual’s skin and more frequently if sores are present. Unit 229 Understand good practice in relation to own role when undertaking pressure care area Identify legislation and national guidelines affecting pressure area care The safe guarding or vulnerable adults – looks at our responsibility and accountability of keeping people safe and would include risk assessments to identify the skin breakdown †¢The care standards act – reinforces the importance of policies and procedures put in place by our organisations to protect the service users and this includes against skin care and prevention or pressure sores †¢The social care code of practice – also identifies roles and responsibilities of the care worker †¢NHS guidelines on wound care, tissue viability is relevant protocols that should be included in our organisations policies and procedures Describe agreed ways of working relating to pressure area care Agreed ways of working related to pressure area care would be, by following your company’s policies and procedures, and that of the individuals care plan Describe why team working is important in relation to providing pressure area care Teamwork is essential as care can be given 24 hours a day and regular turning of the service user as well as good management needs to be given around the clock in order to prevent or stop the condition from worsening. Most pressure ulcers can be predicted and prevented nursing assistants play a very important role in their prevention if a patient is at risk for getting a pressure ulcer all preventive measures, as stated by your facility must be done and documented. Preventing treating pressure ulcers needs the entire team to work together. Unit 229 Be able to follow the agreed care plan Describe why it is important to follow the agreed care plan The reason it is important to follow the agreed care plan as they are put together in the best interests of the individual based on what they wants, needs are . It also covers all medical need and physical needs and will indicate the likelihood of pressure sores and where they are more likely to get them and by following the care plan will help greatly in prevention. Identify any concerns with the agreed care plan prior to undertaking the pressure area care As the care plan is updated regularly with changes to care that an individual will receive. Before you can help to provide care for that individual you should check for any changes i. e. They start using different dressings or using pressure relief aids like a repose boot, make sure you understand your role and seek advice from seniors (nurses) as to what you need to do. Describe actions to take where any concerns with the agreed care plan are noted You should take note of your concerns and report to your seniors before you continue care make sure you document any concern on your paperwork as well if the concerns were serious then you should report to a manager or where necessary to outside sources, i.e. doctor , social worker or therapists depending on the concerns. Maybe a change of diet is required as the individual has increasing trouble swallowing but the car plan still shows that a normal diet is required. Identify the pressure area risk assessment tools which are used in own work In our workplace we use the waterlow pressure ulcer risk assessment/prevention policy tool, which is said to be the easiest to use in the healthcare industry. Explain why it is important to use risk assessment tools. Without the use of these tools there would be many more individuals suffering with preventable pressure ulcers as by the following guidelines of these tools you are better educated about the care that needs to be given thus reducing any unnecessary pain, infection or discomfort Unit 229 Understand the use of materials, equipment and resources available when undertaking pressure area care Identify a range of aids or equipment used to relieve pressure †¢Repose boots Air flow mattresses †¢Pressure cushions †¢Permaflow elbow pads †¢Heel protectors †¢Leg support trough Describe safe use of aids and equipment For instance you may use joint protectors for the heels or elbows that come in the shape of a foam pad with a strap to hold them in place so you need to make sure they stay in place but also you must be sure that the straps do not exert excess pressure and cause more damage Identify where up to date information and support can be obtained

The Negotiation Process

The Negotiation Process Conflicts are a constant reality in our society and the effective resolution of the same may spell the difference between a successful and failed society. It is therefore imperative that the people involved in the conflict resolve the contentious issues constructively.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Negotiation Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Key to the constructive resolution of conflicts is the use of negotiation tactics and strategies. This is because a deeper understanding of negotiation results in people being properly equipped to diffuse conflicts for the good of all parties involved. Knowledge of the negotiation process is therefore vital for effective conflict resolution. In this paper, I shall set out to give a detailed description of the steps involved in the negotiation process Negotiation is defined as communication for the purpose of persuasion (Shamir, 2003; Goldberg, Sander Rogers, 1992 ). The negotiation process is therefore a process by which parties to a dispute discuss possible outcomes to their conflict with each other. The parties make proposals, demands and argue out until an acceptable solution is arrived at or a deadlock declared. For the negotiation process, the parties involved might choose to adopt one of the two major negotiating approaches: competition or collaboration. Competition is based on opposing interests and ends up in a win-lose scenario while collaborative is based on common interests therefore yielding to a win-win outcome. The first step in the negotiation process is to describe what it is that you want to negotiate. This is based on the concept that negotiation involves a conflict about particular resources. The participants will therefore identify if there is a situation that needs to be negotiated.Advertising Looking for report on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF L earn More Lack of an identifiable area of conflict invariably renders negotiations unnecessary. Having acknowledged the conflict, the negotiations can be deemed as being ready to begin. The process ideally begins by both parties presenting their issues which are mostly in the form of demands and goals to be met. The particular demands and goals for the parties involved may be well defined or vague and confusing. A goal is defined as a known or presumed commercial or personal interest of all or some of the parties to the negotiation and it is these goals that set the grounds for the negotiation process. From this an outline of expectations from the parties involved can be made and the agenda for the negotiation process outlined. Having established the basis for the negotiation, one can now delve deeper into the task. While the preliminary stage acted as ground for negotiation, the information on the issues at hand was only sparingly addressed. The second step involves a deepe r probing to enable both parties to understand each other better. As such, this step is characterized by the informational exchange between the parties involved in a bid to establish the real needs and goals. Each side aims at understanding the opponent, their limits and how far they are willing to compromise so as to reach a consensus. Use of open-ended questions and allowing the other party to correct your understanding of the issue are some of the best means of ensuring that a good understanding of the issues at hand is attained. Restatement of information leads to clarity and confirmation thus assuring that communication is effective. A key element in this step is to get as much information as is possible to enable the parties to come up with as many options as are possible. It is in this stage that a person can also gain a better appreciation of the other party’s point of view.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Negotiation Process specificall y for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will be hugely beneficial since once you are able to look at the conflict from the other person’s point of view, you can propose solutions that they would find appealing and therefore resolve the issue. Once it has been clearly established what each party wants, the next step involves trying to influence the other party to reach a concession that is beneficial to you. The principle reason for negotiating is to try and produce better results than you can obtain without negotiation (Shamir, 2003; Fisher et al., 1991). It should be noted that persuasion may be achieved in the competitive approach by resorting to threats or in the collaborative approach by the appealing to the principles or common interests of the other party. Regardless of whichever approach is adopted, the aim of persuasion is to make the opposition sympathetic to your perspective on the issue or coerce them to respond more favorably to you de mands. This step therefore involves making appeals to the opponent in a bid to come up with a favorable result. Concession trading which is the aim of good negotiation is the next stage in negotiating. Shamir (2003) defines consensus building as a decision and agreement reached by all the identified parties. In this process, each party is required to reduce their demands or aspirations so as to accommodate the other party. Through this process, unanimous agreement over the disputed issue(s) is reached. At the onset of the negotiating process, the parties involved are at loggerheads or in disagreement at the least. However, after working down the stages of the negotiation process, the parties involved are able to reach an agreement by compromising on the original goals and objectives. As such, each side makes some gains and possibly some loses. In the consensus building stage of negotiating, time plays a critical role. It is important that each party is given as much time as is neces sary to reach their decisions.Advertising Looking for report on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, deadlines are ideally not supposed to be imposed though this may not be practicable in most real life scenarios where time of essence. The reason for this is that applying of pressure may lead to a decision being taken that some may regret therefore leading to future conflicts. The agreements arrived at should be finalized and subsequently formalized since in as much as an agreement has been reached, that by itself does not guarantee that the implementation will proceed undeterred. Creation of methods of implementation and monitoring should be achieved. Shamir (2003) suggests that for significant issues, an agenda and timetable should be decided upon and the various issues which have been agreed outlined. A clear and detailed description of the steps to be taken to make sure that the formal agreement is implemented should also be made. As was stated at the onset of this paper, negotiation is one of the most productive means by which disputes can be successfully resolved. An understanding of the negotiating process greatly empowers a person in his/her negotiating undertakings. This paper set out to give a detailed outline of the key steps in the negotiation process. While the process described herein is basic and might have to be modified to be applicable to the specific disputes at hand, it provides a good framework for negotiation tasks. An understanding and proper implementation of these process will lead to greater success during negotiations. References Shamir, Y. (2003). Alternative Dispute Resolution Approaches and their Application. PCCP Publications.

How Drafting Can Improve Your Academic Writing

How Drafting Can Improve Your Academic Writing How the Drafting Process Can Improve Your Academic Writing Writing a good paper is not simply about sitting down, starting at the beginning and typing until you reach the end. Rather, it’s a process of drafting and re-drafting until you’re happy with your paper, each time trying to improve upon the last draft. How long you spend redrafting will depend on what you’re working on – a lengthy PhD dissertation will require more attention than a shorter paper. Nevertheless, whatever you’re writing, using a step-by-step drafting process will benefit your work. Step 1: The First Draft The first draft is an initial attempt to turn your notes and paper outline into full paragraphs. This, therefore, is where you set out the basic argument and structure of your paper, though you can make changes to these in subsequent drafts if necessary. The most important thing to do during the first draft is get something written, even if it isn’t perfect (that’s why we re-draft). Once you have something down, you can re-read it to see what could be improved, or even ask your advisor and friends for feedback. Step 2: The Second Draft It’s very rare for the first draft to be perfect. As such, you need to re-read it to get a sense of what could be improved. This may be as simple as looking for factual, spelling and grammatical mistakes. But it may also involve clarifying aspects of your argument or revising your ideas. There are a few tips which can help with re-drafting your work at this stage: Try to be concise as possible, eliminating all unnecessary repetition Make sure your argument flows smoothly, with each point leading clearly to the next Check that each of your points contributes something to your overall hypothesis Keep an eye out for formatting inconsistencies, as well as errors It’s also a good idea to save each draft of your paper as a separate file. This allows you to check older versions once changes have been made. Step 3: The Third Draft (And Beyond) Here, we again go over our paper and try to find things we can improve. With each draft you should find less and less that needs doing. Eventually, after a few passes, you’ll be ready for the final step. Step 4: The Final Draft The final draft is the version of your paper you’ll submit to be marked. You’ll therefore need to proofread your paper carefully, checking for any remaining errors. It can help to print out your work and read it on paper, as you might spot things you missed when reading it on screen.

How Drafting Can Improve Your Academic Writing

How Drafting Can Improve Your Academic Writing How the Drafting Process Can Improve Your Academic Writing Writing a good paper is not simply about sitting down, starting at the beginning and typing until you reach the end. Rather, it’s a process of drafting and re-drafting until you’re happy with your paper, each time trying to improve upon the last draft. How long you spend redrafting will depend on what you’re working on – a lengthy PhD dissertation will require more attention than a shorter paper. Nevertheless, whatever you’re writing, using a step-by-step drafting process will benefit your work. Step 1: The First Draft The first draft is an initial attempt to turn your notes and paper outline into full paragraphs. This, therefore, is where you set out the basic argument and structure of your paper, though you can make changes to these in subsequent drafts if necessary. The most important thing to do during the first draft is get something written, even if it isn’t perfect (that’s why we re-draft). Once you have something down, you can re-read it to see what could be improved, or even ask your advisor and friends for feedback. Step 2: The Second Draft It’s very rare for the first draft to be perfect. As such, you need to re-read it to get a sense of what could be improved. This may be as simple as looking for factual, spelling and grammatical mistakes. But it may also involve clarifying aspects of your argument or revising your ideas. There are a few tips which can help with re-drafting your work at this stage: Try to be concise as possible, eliminating all unnecessary repetition Make sure your argument flows smoothly, with each point leading clearly to the next Check that each of your points contributes something to your overall hypothesis Keep an eye out for formatting inconsistencies, as well as errors It’s also a good idea to save each draft of your paper as a separate file. This allows you to check older versions once changes have been made. Step 3: The Third Draft (And Beyond) Here, we again go over our paper and try to find things we can improve. With each draft you should find less and less that needs doing. Eventually, after a few passes, you’ll be ready for the final step. Step 4: The Final Draft The final draft is the version of your paper you’ll submit to be marked. You’ll therefore need to proofread your paper carefully, checking for any remaining errors. It can help to print out your work and read it on paper, as you might spot things you missed when reading it on screen.

Chapter 10-12 questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 10-12 questions - Assignment Example The first lesson that can be learned about Jackson regarding his sweeping victory is that he was a very tactical person, since he used his wit and tactics to convince the electorates despite being the underdog in the race. However, the lesson that can be learned from his subsequent handling of the Peggy Eaton affair is that Jackson was an empathetic, supportive and a champion of human rights. This is because he was the only person who welcomes and became the fervent champion of Eaton, after all, the cabinet wives refused to associate with her after her moral character came into question. Jacksons stand handling of Eatons affairs also demonstrated that he was an autonomous leader who could not easily be swayed by the opinion of others as he stood his ground and supported Eaton under difficult circumstances (Brands, 2012). Jackson basically killed the national bank in 1932 by exercising his veto against the bank. For instance, he refused to allow federal funds to be deposited in the bank and subsequently rejected attempts to re-charter the bank, effectively resulting in the collapse of the bank (Brands, 2012). The slave communities maintained their kinship ties by naming themselves and their siblings as a way of maintaining a sense of continuity and affiliation. At the same time, the slave communities ensured that their kinship ties are maintained by adapting the slaves that found themselves on the farms into the new network (Brands, 2012). The southern whites adopted a number of strategies for fighting the antislavery efforts. The first strategy that the southern whites used was to perform lynching. This was seen during the Civil War in which the southern whites who were strongly opposed to the abolition of slavery resorted to lynching blacks in which some were hung to death. The Ku Klux Klan who was part of a movement opposed to antislavery also used

Eithics in History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eithics in History - Essay Example Each of these has been supported by evidences and views. In the case of first, capitalist phenomena trigged by the concept of globalized trends and international cooperation in the field of science, politics, economy is mentioned. The religious ideologies and religious mindsets are put aside for the sake of a more uniform and organized system of operation in the global sphere. The second agent of the world transformation mentioned by Benjamin A. Barber is that of Jihad. Jihad as in the modern context of political and more predominantly the physical might with regard to the social standing and overall social influence on a given state and given individual. Owing to the hardliner and extremist views carried by the latter mindset ( Jihadist mindset), the former in the form of the globalized world believers and individuals are forced to unit into a single tier where they vehemently abhor the ideas and the manner of influencing undertaken by the Jihadist and extremist mindset. The element of social entities such as norms and other societal components have been mentioned and at the same time quoted for with regard to their standing and influence on the individuals and society as a whole. His paradox of the idea and view advocating the concept of conflict and bitter views towards the each bench group is supported by and defended through the views of the social standing at present. With the world split bitterly into two with the Jihadist mindset aiming to overtake the other and vice versa. The author has given examples of the states and entities such as Bosnia and Rwanda as the regions and countries that have been hit by the plague of hatred, ideological differences and similarly separating and splitting views and opinions. On the other side the ideas of social progress and capitalist mindset has brought about people in the West. This bringing about is based on the function of global partnerships, support systems, economic assistances and

Real GDP, unemployment rate Essay Example for Free

Real GDP, unemployment rate Essay Economic indicators measure and characterize the current state of economy. Unemployment rate, inflation rate, real GDP, and oil price per barrel form the general economic picture and show further directions of economic policies and tactics. â€Å"Real GDP is gross domestic product in constant dollars. In other words, real GDP is a nation’s total output of goods and services, adjusted for price changes† (Picker, 2007). Real GDP is often compared to nominal GDP which is always expressed in current dollars. In the third quarter of 2007, real GDP equaled to 11658. 9 billion of constant dollars, having increased 4. 9 percent as compared to the second quarter of 2007. Gross private domestic investment is one of the basic components of real GDP. In 2007, gross private domestic investment also increased to reach 1859. 9 billion dollars (GPO Access, 2008). The graph shows the historical fluctuations of real GDP in the United States: the beginning of 2007 was marked by the greatest real GDP decrease since 2005. The decrease of real GDP in the second half of 2006 indicates the start of economic recession in the United States. The unemployment rate is â€Å"the number of unemployed as a percent of the labor force† (Picker, 2007). In March, the U. S. economy was characterized by 5. 1% unemployment rate (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008). Normally, unemployment rates should not exceed 6 percent. Thus, unemployment rates in the U. S. are kept within the reasonable limits. However, the chart shows the slight but continuous unemployment rate increase since the beginning of 2007. These trends create a picture of recession in the American economy. Inflation rate shows the increase of prices for consumer goods and services, and is counted on a yearly basis (Picker, 2007). Inflation rates are basically measured with the help of Consumer Price Index (CPI); CPI calculates the value of consumer goods and services basket which households purchase (Picker, 2007). The chart shows the constantly increasing inflation rates in the U. S. economy. In March, the average cost of goods and services basket advanced 0. 3 percent (MERIC, 2008). These trends indicate the inability of the Federal Reserve to cope with the inflation problem. Growing inflation requires that the Fed pushes up interest rates and slows down the economy, but as the Fed decreases interest rates to regulate particular markets, it puts the economy into a deeper recession. Oil price per barrel is usually counted on the basis of the OPEC or NMEX oil basket prices. At the beginning of 2008, the barrel of oil cost $90. 7; by the end of April, the price has already crossed the mark of $116 per barrel (WTRG Economics, 2008). The chart shows significant continuous increase of oil prices. During 2007, the price of oil per barrel has nearly tripled. Inflation rates, unemployment rates, oil prices per barrel, and real GDP are the four interrelated economic indicators, which determine, at what stage of business cycle the U. S. economy stands. Business cycles impact all areas of economic development; the airline industry is not an exception. In many instances, airlines develop and act according to the basic economic laws. The state of real GDP and Consumer Price Index determine consumer capability to purchase tickets and choose convenient flights. The price of oil per barrel seriously increases airline industry costs, which the industry compensates for the account of more expensive tickets. The growing energy prices contribute into the CPI growth. The growing price of oil per barrel impacts unemployment: â€Å"on average, every time oil prices go up 10 percent, 150,000 Americans lose their jobs† (Eldad, 2007). It is stated that â€Å"the cycles of the airline market are often considered to be a response to fluctuations in the evolution of the GDP and to lie beyond the sphere of the industry’s influence† (Eldad, 2007). Unemployment does not significantly impact the airline industry. The United States has been able to keep unemployment rates at reasonable levels. Inflation rates directly impact the way the airline industry performs on the market. In general, inflation indicates the growth of all costs and expenditures within airline industry. Inflation means that energy prices grow, too. Traditionally, fuel and oil costs constituted 15 percent of the airline industry expenditures, but inflation and growing prices of oil per barrel have raised this index to 30 percent (Eldad, 2007). Due to continuous inflation growth and oil price increase, airlines annually lose up to $200 million (Eldad, 2007). These are the indicators of the economic recession. Economic recession is one of the five stages of business cycle. Since 2005, the airline industry has been experiencing serious economic losses and numerous business closures. The slight increase of real GDP in the last quarter of 2007 reveals promising trends which will hopefully help airlines cope with energy prices. The recession stage of the business cycle suggests that the U. S. economy has not yet reached the trough at the very bottom of its economic decline. This is why the airline industry should be prepared to facing even more serious economic difficulties. The current economic situation is more consistent with the classical economic conditions. The state is not involved into regulating inflation rates or oil prices per barrel. In the oil market, the state acts according to laissez-fair principles of classical economic theory, which promote free business choice and minimal state involvement into economic processes. Although the state regulates interest rates and seems to make everything possible to minimize the economic consequences of recession, its strategies are aimed at regulating particular markets and not the U. S. economy in general. The airline industry is given sufficient freedom for taking economic decisions according to the changeable economic conditions in the U. S. Conclusion The current state of real GDP, inflation rates, oil price per barrel, and unemployment rates form the picture of economic recession in the United States. The airline industry experiences significant economic losses. As the U. S. economy faces the recession stage of the business cycle, airlines should be prepared to even greater economic losses before the economy reaches the trough at the bottom of its economic decline.

Book Report On a Dramatic Death :: essays research papers fc

Book Report on "A Dramatic Death" This story starts off with the Dorking Drama Group who are making a play everything is going well until gruesome accidents start happening but the group ignores it until a prop falls down and kills someone. The police do a investigation but conclude that it was a accident so the play goes on, but everybody is convinced it was foul play and everyone in the drama group is a suspect. The cast members start investigating the murder by themselves and everybody starts turning against each other. In the end two cast members named Steve and Claire find out the murder is Claire because they themselves were attacked by her but they identified her. Emma was a jealous cast member who loved Steve but Claire was Steve's girlfriend, Steve always treated her like a sister but she wanted more than that and went to great lengths to achieve. CHARACTER ANALYSIS The main characters in my book are Steve and Emma. Steve was a popular good looking guy who all the girls liked. He didn't like school that much expect the Dorking Drama Club where he acted in the play, he had a sister and Steve was very careful to trust anyone during all the murder. Emma was very fond of Steve but because she was Steve's sister's friend for so long Steve treated her as a sister, which she didn't like. Emma became so fond of Steve that she start doing all these gruesome things and in the end she went to a mental hospital. Emma liked to be in the play a lot and she was said to have a very over active imagination. SETTING The setting was in a small quiet town called Dorking, the play took in a high school drama room. The setting brings people together (the drama group) which brings conflicts. The town was described to bring a spooky setting to the novel. THEME The theme of this novel is that we shouldn't trust everybody we know no matter how close they are. In the novel the murder is found to be a very close friend to everyone. Everyone should be considered a suspect. This book was written is for to show the great lengths that some people will go to for love. CHAPTER 1 The Dorking Drama club is getting ready for a play and everybody is joking around and acting calm. When they are rehearsing and somebody opens a prop they scream and find there is a dead cat in the box, everyone wonders who is capable of doing such a thing like this.

The Head vs. the Heart

The Head Vs.. The Heart The sounds of tools and chains clink and Jingle not too far off Slaves are in the fenced off field picking the soft cotton from the dry earth. The dust coming from the path that leads from the big, white house to the field gets picked up in gusts of wind making them squint their eyes. The owners of the house are chatting and laughing on their dusty porch sipping on their tea while their children play tag and hide-and-go-seek with each other on the grass below.The sun Is beating down on them with Intermittent periods of shade from the passing clouds blocking the suns harsh rays. To the left, there Lies the Millponds river. The water calmly passes by. Carrying branches and logs that slowly drift down the river passing quacking ducks swimming to keep from the heat. Hanging over the cool, dark water are willow trees that one could lie under peacefully in the shade. It is quiet there and is the perfect place to unwind and forget all the worries of the day.This mixe d setting is something that is easily seen in Mark Twain's book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huckleberry Finn does not need d quiet place Eke that to get to thinking about his day, his upcoming decisions, his past choices, and his life In general. He constantly thinks about what Is right and what Is wrong, but In his society, there are often conflicting answers, the things his head tells him to do, which Is what society tells him, and the things that his heart tells him, the Ramirez 2 things that he believes to be right.Mark Twain satires d society that forces d child to go to hell† In order to do what Is morally right. Husks caretakers wanted Heck to be well educated, go to church, and learn about the bell_ Ironically, he never found anything interesting. When the Widow Douglas tried to â€Å"learned [Ã'›_him] about Moses and the Bulrushes and [†¦ He] was in a sweat to find out all about him,† he found out â€Å"that Moses had been a considerable long t ime, so then [†¦ He] didn't care no more about him because [†¦ He] don't take no stock in dead people† (cal).Heck wanted to learn about religion, but he could never bring himself too it because of his lack of Interest. He also did not believe In It because Miss Watson told him that whatever he prayed for, he would get. â€Å"But It warrant so. [†¦ Hell tried It. [†¦ Hell tried for the hooks three or four runes, but somehow [†¦ Hell couldn't make It work† (chi). Heck viewed the slaves In a different light. He did not Just see them as objects to be owned and sold. He knew he could not do whatever he pleased with them because to him, unlike the majority of socio', they were actual people with feelings and emotions.When Jim ran way from Miss Watson, even though Heck knew him to be â€Å"most ruined for a servant, because he got stuck up on account of having seen the devil and been rode by witches† (chi en still gave him a chance and treated m as t en were anyone else to go along with him on his adventures. He believes what he is told until he finds that it actually is not the case. Even though the rest of society wanted him to and would have turned Jim in, Husks kind heart told him that the people were wrong and to do what he thought was morally right.Authority was also a challenge for young Huckleberry. He disobeys his father which is a young boys largest role model as well as authority figure. Pap tells him to â€Å"look here–mind Ramirez 3 how [†¦ Heck] talks to [†¦ Him]; [†¦ He is] a-standing about all [†¦ He] can stand now– so don't game no sass† (chi) because Heck wan not giving his father the respect that he deserved. When Heck ran away, he knew he was going against his father's wishes, but did not care that he was going against authority because he was following what his heart was telling him to do.Throughout the book, Heck knows what is right and hat is wrong according t o the world he lives in, but according to him, â€Å"What's the use you learning to do right, when it's troublesome to do right and anti no trouble to do wrong, and the wages is Just the same? † (chic). It was difficult in that time period to distinguish the difference between true right and wrong, but Heck broke the standard and questioned what he knew in order to do what he found to be the truly right way. Works Cited Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. De. Thomas Nash. New York: Penguin, Ltd. , 1985. Print

Wounds, Meds and Complex Care in Nursing Practice

1. The preoperative checklist on what needs to be done to take care of a patient can be found on the patient’s chart, usually under the doctor’s orders and/or the patient’s notes. 2. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence recommends that blood tests should be taken prior to having a surgery regardless of patient’s healthy condition, unless contraindicated. This is done to provide information about conditions that could affect the treatment that a patient would need (Lab Tests Online, 2004). Blood tests to be included in this routine preoperative testing are a full blood count, blood clotting tests, blood typing, blood gasses, blood glucose, and a sickle cell test (Lab Tests Online, 2004). A full blood count will measure haemoglobin and the number of other types of cells in the blood (Lab Tests Online, 2004). Blood typing is for blood transfusion, in case needed. Blood clotting test to determine if blood clots normally and how long it takes to clot (Lab Tests Online, 2004). Blood gasses, measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as its acidity, and blood glucose to check for diabetes. Sickle cell testing if the patient has risk factors. 3. The registered nurse is responsible for reporting any discrepancies in the lab results of the patient to the physician in charge. 4. Preoperative education should include orienting the patient with the surgery that she is going to go through. Ask what she understood from the physician and answer her questions for further clarification. Afterwards, explain the patient what to expect during her recovery period, and what are her postoperative exercises. Also, enlighten the patient on the risks of post-op recovery like pulmonary embolus, DVT and UTI, and the possible ways on how to avoid these, through deep breathing exercises and wearing of anti-embolic stockings (University of South Australia, 2000). Finally, inform her of what other procedures are to be done after the surgery, for example, utilization of catheters and IV therapy. 5. A preoperative shower employs the use of a 2% chlorhexidine gluconate polyester cloth in scrubbing the patient’s body as a preventive preparation aimed at reducing the patient's skin colonization before the incision is made (Bjerke, 2001). . The anaesthesiologist is the one to administer the anaesthesia. 7. A general anaesthesia will make Mary unaware of what is happening during the operation, it will make her not feel anything, it will even put her to sleep (Rashiq, 2007). Penthidine is the analgesic of choice postoperative; to not feel pain (JBC Handbook, 1997). 8. An epidural anaesthesia is called an epidural block and requires the injection of anaesthetics in the epidural membrane that surrounds the spinal cord (Sarafino, 2006). Epidural blocks are most commonly administered during labour and delivery (American Pregnancy Association, 2007). . Marking the legs preoperative is done traditionally by estimating the position of the hip joint by palpation of the greater trochanter (The, 2006). 10. Epidural infection, nerve damage, backache, headache and urinary retention (Faure, 2000). 11. a. Ensure patient’s tag is the same with her chart. b. make sure patient is not wearing any metals, jewelleries, etc. c. ensure is certain about undergoing the operation d. ensure that patient has gone through all the necessary diagnostic tests e. ensure that patient is still on NPO. 12. The patient’s chart, diagnostic test results, patient’s consent. 13. Vital sign assessment has to be done every 15 minutes for the first hour and special attention will be brought to the patient’s respiration, due to the anaesthesia, and circulation and sensation of the extremities especially in the affected areas. Output is also monitored. Patient still on NPO until anaesthesia wears off totally. 14. No, this is a common postoperative effect. Continue monitoring output. 15. Decrease in urine output is common postoperative due to opioid drugs, immobility, and decreased oral intake (Merck, 2005). The physician may order Crede’s manoeuvre to be implemented and Betanechol can be administered (Merck, 2005). 6. Neurovascular checks are important to determine if there was nerve damage or internal bleeding and a circulation problem, or even infection, which could have been caused by the surgery. The neurovascular check is comprised of the five P’s, namely pain, paralysis, paraesthesia, pulses, and pallor (Judge, 2007). Check for thes e in the patient’s limbs. 17. Loss of pedal pulses might mean lack of arterial flow (Judge, 2007). This should be reported immediately to the registered nurse or the physician, whoever is readily available. 18. Any deviation from the normal baseline data regarding neurovascular checks should be reported immediately to the physician to avoid amputation of the affected extremity. 19. Log roll patient with abductor hip in place. To prepare the patient, she should be placed on one side of the bed, and rolled like a log to the unaffected side of the hip replacement. 20. A postoperative wash will make the patient feel comfortable and refreshed, also it will minimize infection. 21. Her pain might increase or decrease and this can signal a change in the source of pain. Also, the narcotic’s infusion rate can be changed if pain is lessened. 2. Two or more nurses to ensure that the correct rate is delivered. 23. As a student nurse, I cannot change infusion rates for narcotic pain relievers because I do not have the license yet that will make me accountable for any unpleasant consequence that might arise from the situation. Even under the watchful eye of my instructor, I cannot do it. 24. Na rcotics have to be watched for their side effects, especially respiratory depression. Observations that can be noted when a patient is with a narcotics infusion include clients respiratory rate, confusion and drowsiness (BP Cancer Agency, 2008). 5. Heparin injections are administered as a prophylaxis for blood clots (Science News, 1988). 26. Bleeding can be a complication of heparin use because it prevents clotting. Be wary of the following signs: black, tarry stools and bleeding from gums when brushing or flossing teeth, continued redness or pain after an injection, nosebleeds, red urine, unusual bruising coughing up blood (Drug Information Online, 2008). 27. Positive nitrate may indicate bacterial contamination, and traces of protein and blood are not alarming (Eccles Health Sciences Library, 2008). 28. Yes. This is because catheter removal will help in eradicating any possible bacterial contamination. 29. A urine specimen should be sent for a culture and sensitivity test to determine what bacteria is infecting the patient’s urinary tract. Sample should be sent to the laboratory immediately. 30. The needed equipment shall be gathered. After washing one’s hands and explaining to the patient what procedure is to be done and what the rationale behind it is, the drainage tubing directly below the aspiration port will be clamped with a rubber band or clamp (Integrated Publishing, 2007). This is to ensure that an adequate amount of urine for a specimen can be taken. A syringe will be used to aspirate the urine specimen. After gathering enough urine, the clamp shall be removed. 31. Inserting an indwelling catheter requires that the equipment needed be gathered first. Then the procedure is to be explained to the patient. She should be placed in a dorsal recumbent position. Using the sterile technique, the patient should be draped with sterile dressings. Sterile gloves will then be worn. Catheter tip is to be lubricated and placed on the sterile catheter tray. The labia are to be separated with the thumb and forefinger and a swipe of a swab with sterile povidone-iodine shall be done from the meatus toward the rectum. This shall be done thrice discarding each swab after one swipe. Catheter is to be inserted two to three inches into the urethra, and an additional inch once there is urine flowing. Balloon will be inflated once it is inside the bladder. Traction is gently applied to the catheter and drainage is taped to Mary’s thigh. (Kaplan, 2007) 32. To remove an indwelling catheter, a small syringe is attached to the inflation port on the side of the catheter and all the fluid is drawn out (Moore et al, 2007). Afterwards, slowly pull the catheter out (Moore et al, 2007). 33. Patients are on strict monitoring of fluid balance because they are receiving fluids through their IV therapies and postoperative patients are still weaning off from their anaesthesia, making urine retention a side effect. A positive fluid balance occurs when intake is greater than output, and a negative fluid balance happens when intake is lesser than output. 34. Fluid overload can bring about fluid and electrolyte imbalance, dysrhythmia, high blood pressure, non-pitting oedema, diarrhoea, projectile vomiting, among many others (Williams, 2008). Osmotic diuretics can be administered per doctor’s orders, patient should be on strict I&O, IV fluids should be checked hourly, fluids should be restricted (Williams, 2008). 35. The medications should also be reflected on the output of Mary if it is working. 36. total intake: 500ml IVF + 2160 ml tea and Milo + 360ml water = 3020 total output: 1400ml urination + bowel The patient is in a positive balance.

George Calvert essays

George Calvert essays George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore. His oldest son, Cecil Calvert, was the second Lord Baltimore. George Calvert, after a visit to Virginia, petitioned King Charles I of England to grant him permission to colonize the land north of the Potomac. He died in 1632, at age 52, just 66 days before the colony's official charter was issued, but his son Cecil Calvert carried out his father's dream. Cecil Calvert had the difficult task of planning and carrying out the colonization of Maryland. He recruited settlers and arranged for the Ark and the Dove to take them to Maryland. Cecil Calvert spent a great deal of money on that first voyage. The two ships arrived at Maryland in early March 1634. Cecil Calvert supported his father's idea of making Maryland a haven for all types of Christians. He was responsible for the Act Concerning Religion, a law that tried to eliminate religious prejudice among Christian Marylanders. Because England's monarchs could not be trusted to leave the American colonies alone, Cecil Calvert spent the remaining years of his life in England protecting his ownership of Maryland. Despite a couple of interruptions, Maryland remained a Calvert possession for well over a century. Maryland's Cecil County was named for him, and Anne Arundel County was named for his wife. When Europeans arrived in the 1600's about 3,000 Indian people lived on the land that is now called Maryland. No one is certain when they met the Europeans for the first time. Some historians think that french traders ben to buy furs from the Indians that lived along Chesapeake Bay in the early 1500s. During the 1660s many land disputes arose because of settlers farming land which was close to other state=s borders. Consequently, disputes came about as to border lines. These disputes involved the states of Virginia and Pennsylvania. Over the next 100 years Maryland lost many thousand acres of land to these states. The F...

Researching French-Canadian Ancestry Genealogy

Researching French-Canadian Ancestry Genealogy Even if you cant read French, tracing French-Canadian ancestors can be easier than many people expect due to the excellent record keeping of the Roman Catholic Church in Canada. Baptisms, marriages,  and burials were all dutifully recorded in the parish registers, with copies also sent to civil authorities. This, along with the incredibly high rate of French-Canadian records preservation, offers a much greater, more complete record of people living in Quebec and other parts of New France than in most other areas of North America and the world. In most cases, French-Canadian ancestry should be fairly easily traceable back to the immigrant ancestors, and you may even be able to trace some lines further back in France. Maiden Names Dit Names As in France, most French-Canadian church and civil records are recorded under a womans maiden name, making it much easier to trace both sides of your family tree. Sometimes, but not always, a womans married surname is included as well. In many areas of French-speaking Canada, families sometimes adopted an alias, or second surname in order to distinguish between different branches of the same family, especially when the families remained in the same town for generations. These alias surnames, also known as dit names, can often be found preceded by the word dit, as in Armand Hudon dit Beaulieu where Armand is the given name, Hudon is the original family surname, and Beaulieu is the dit name. Sometimes an individual even adopted the dit name as the family name and dropped the original surname. This practice was most common in France among soldiers and sailors. Dit names are important for anyone researching French-Canadian ancestors, as they necessitate searching the records under several various surname combinations. French-Canadian Rà ©pertoires (Indexes) Since the mid-nineteenth century, many French Canadians have worked to trace their families back to France and, in doing so, have created a large number of indexes to various parish records, known as rà ©pertoires or repertories. The vast majority of these published indexes or rà ©pertoires are of marriage (mariage) records, although a few exist which include baptisms (baptà ªme) and burials (sà ©pulture). Rà ©pertoires are generally arranged alphabetically by surname, while those that are organized chronologically usually include a surname index. By exploring all of the rà ©pertoires that include a particular parish (and following up in the original parish records), one can often take a French-Canadian family tree back through many generations. The majority of published rà ©pertoires are not yet available online. They can, however, often be found in major libraries with a strong French-Canadian focus, or libraries local to the parish(s) of interest. Many have been microfilmed and are available through the Family History Library in Salt Lake City and Family History Centers throughout the world. Major online repertoires or databases of indexed French-Canadian marriage, baptism and burial records include: BMS2000 - This cooperative project involving over twenty genealogical societies in Quà ©bec and Ontario is one of the largest online sources of indexed baptism, marriage, and burial (sà ©pulture) records. It covers the period from the beginning of the French colony until the end of the XXth century. The Drouin Collection - Available online as a subscription database from Ancestry.com, this amazing collection includes nearly 15 million French-Canadian parish and other records of interest from Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and many U.S states with a large French-Canadian population. Indexed too! Church Records As in France, records of the Roman Catholic Church are the single best source for tracing French-Canadian families. Christening, marriage and burial records have been carefully recorded and preserved in the parish registers from 1621 to the present. Between 1679 and 1993 all parishes in Quà ©bec were required to send duplicate copies to the civil archives, which has ensured that the majority of Roman Catholic parish records in Quà ©bec still survive to this day. These baptismal, marriage and burial records are generally written in French (some earlier records may be in Latin), but often follow a standardized format which makes them easy to follow even if you know little or know French. Marriage records are an especially important source for immigrant ancestors to New France, or French-Canadian Canada because they usually document the immigrants parish and town of origin in France. The Family History Library has microfilmed the majority of Quà ©bec Catholic registers from 1621-1877, as well as most civil copies of Catholic registers between 1878 and 1899. This collection of Quà ©bec Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1900 has been digitized and is also available for viewing online for free through FamilySearch. There are a few indexed entries, but to access most records youll need to use the browse images link and go through them manually.

Foster's Beer Strike Brewing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Foster's Beer Strike Brewing - Case Study Example Foster's General Manager Yatala, Noel Jago, said that, "The LHMU, AMWU and ETU were deliberately misleading the public by suggesting that the vast majority of the company's workforce would walk off the job" (Foster's, 2007). The company has now started looking at the union membership strength involved in this action and claims that less than half of the total worker's strength, are the members of these unions. Therefore the company is telling the world that the Yatala Brewery will keep producing despite this threat. Looking at all the reports appearing in the media, it is quite apparent that so far no side is ready to relent on the issue and both sides are on the offensive. The Unions have not yet communicated any date for the action, but they are soliciting support from all available quarters, including from international unions. The bone of contention in this industrial dispute is the Foster's attempt to used Howard government's industrial relations laws at Yatala brewery, which empowers the employers to negotiate with individual employees instead of their representative unions. Though the company does not bar the employees from becoming members of unions, but such negotiations will certainly discourage the employees from becoming union members, thus weakening the unions and their bargaining strength. Companies and organizations are made for people and by the people, and obviously their effectiveness depends on the behavior and performance of the people running these companies. The true importance of the human resource of any enterprise lies in its ability to respond favorably and willingly to performance objectives and opportunities and in these efforts gain satisfaction from both accomplishing the work and being in the work environment. Core areas of HRM include the individual, the organization and the so cial context of work and how all of these factors shape relations at work and result in organizational performance. LHMU, the Liquor, Hospitality and Miscellaneous Union contends that worker's are also peeved after the recent announcement of a hefty hike of 12.5% in the Brisbane brewery CEO's salary, whereas the workers are denied their basic rights (LHMU, 2007). To get the optimum from a satisfied and participative individual is considered to be the ultimate objective of HRM policies. Unions and their outlook have undergone a sea change over the years. Whereas, earlier unions and their leaders were considered as hindrances in implementing newer policies, but now with the concept of marketing and globalization, the union leaders too have become aware about the competitive strength of their company. Earlier unions and their memberships used to be limited to the blue collared employees of a factory or a company, but now most of the union members and leaders come from the IT era, who are well aware about the utility of being net savvy, IT experts and using IT as a powerful tool to reach the outside world and gain support from all corners. Setting up of union websites, using online campaigns etc. are some important methods being used by the unions now. In fact it goes to the credit of the company if it maintains cordial relations with the employe es as well as with the unions. Therefore the decision of Foster's to talk to the employees only by totally sideling the unions appears to be little flawed. Foster's

Intoducing my self to the class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intoducing my self to the class - Essay Example We arrived with the impression that we would be brainstorming about getting industrial hemp more widely used as a renewable resource. Even the government knew that it doesn't make people high, it doesn't have enough THC in it.1 But faced with the reality that the major powers that be are against renewable resources in this way, from a lawyer who was supposed to be working on our side, was like a slap in the face. I thought about all of the hours I'd devoted to the cause of renewable resources, seeing the need, the desperate need of our planet for our help. I thought of all the times I had enjoyed the splendor of the Blue Ridge Mountains, the sheer force of Nature with a tenuous balance that is being tipped out of kilter. I have fought for what I have thought is right; but what do I know, I'm just another 20 year old! And now, here is Lance, needing his diaper changed as I think about this meeting gone wrong and what it could implicate. I reach for a fresh cloth diaper, feeling its softness in my hands as I look at my little son. His eyes meet mine and I wonder what he will be like when he is my age.

Membership and retention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Membership and retention - Essay Example The study revealed that there is a disparity between knowledge about basic rights under these union-based laws and that most employees do not understand their legal rights or their rights on termination and dismissal (Omar, Chan & Joned, 2009). At industries in which union membership is already present, this could have much to do with why unions are voted out and why union membership continues to decline. In order to strengthen union membership, in-house literature should be produced by union leadership that defines these rights, in a language that is easily understood by a wide variety of educated and non-educated demographics. By providing this information, those currently in unions would understand how the union actually represents their interests and be less apt to demand union exit from the industrial environment. â€Å"Once unionization occurs, the union’s ability to foster commitment from members and to remain as their bargaining agent depends on how well the union succeeds in providing services that its members want† (Mathis & Jackson, 2005, p.544). It is also possible to improve union membership by auditing the current collective bargaining representatives that handle negotiations for employees. The complex dynamics of collective bargaining requires individuals with psychological knowledge, management training, legal understanding, and conflict resolution skills. If the union is not being represented by competent and qualified individuals, the employees’ needs will likely not be addressed competently and therefore union membership will decline due to bargaining inadequacy. These audits can be conducted by the unions themselves, the corporate management teams, employee assessment teams, or even paid independent auditing contactors specializing in union knowledge and bargaining norms. By illustrating that there is a measurement system in place to gauge competency, and promoting these efforts effectively, more union membership

The Interplay Of Structural Social Work Essay

The Interplay Of Structural Social Work Essay Social work practice seeks to promote human well-being and to redress human suffering and injusticeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Such practice maintains a particular concern for those who are most excluded from social, economic or cultural processes and structuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Consequently, social work practice is a political activity and tensions between rights to care and control and self-determination are very much a professional concern(OConnor et al, 2006, p.1) The Brown family case study will be referred to throughout the essay in an attempt to explore and discuss the lived experiences of service users. With such an array of difficulties faced by the family, in order to be able to provide analysis and critique, many of these difficulties and their correlation within social work practice will not be explored. The essay will begin with examining the political background from Margaret Thatcher to the current Coalition government and emphasize their continued functionalist ideologies. It will also discuss sociological constructions of the family, poverty, power, and managerialism. The prolific cases of the deaths of Victoria Climbià © and Baby P led to such media scrutiny and a downward turn in public perception of social workers. As a result, this has led to changes in social work practice with children and families. Due to the current austerity measures, social workers gatekeeping of resources and having to meet stringent thresholds often result in limitations being put on families and creating what à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..describes as a revolving door syndrome. The Brown case study refers to there being intermittent involvement from social services over several years, which supports the suggestion of a revolving door syndrome. Although the case study is not explicit, I think it would be safe to assume that issues faced by the Brown family may have suggested that they meet the section 47 threshold set out in the Children Act which would have triggered social work involvement with the family. However, if the involvement has been intermittent, this would suggest that once significant risk had diminished the involvement with the family was stopped which suggest risk led practice was employed rather than a needs led (Axford, 2010). Munros recent review of child protection (2011) included 15 recommendations. There is not scope to discuss each recommendation but she urges the government to accept that there will inevitably be an element of uncertainty, to allow professionals to have a greater freedom to use their professional judgement and expertise, and to reduce bureaucracy. The response from government is to accept 9 out of the 15 recommendations (DfE, 2011) Poverty The case study highlights that the Brown family are dependent on welfare benefits and that they find it difficult to manage their finances. Therefore, they are essentially living in poverty. Poverty can be described as a complex occurrence that can be caused by a range of issues which can result in inadequate resources. It impacts on childhoods, life chances and imposes costs on society Child poverty costs the UK at least  £25 billion a year, (equivalent to 2% of GDP) including  £17 billion that could accrue to the Exchequer if child poverty were eradicated. Public spending to deal with the fallout of child poverty is about  £12 billion a year, about 60% of which goes on personal social services, school education and police and criminal justice. (Hirsch, 2008: Joseph Rowntree Foundation,p.5) Cross national studies have suggested that child poverty is not a natural occurrence. Moreover it is a political occurrence, the product of decisions and actions made by the government and society. Attention concerning a dependency culture has filtered through different political parties and have been utilised with renewed enthusiasm since the formation of the coalition government in 2010. These assertions of dependency create propaganda about the attitudes of the workless and they give the wrong impression of the previous efforts of the Labour government to tackle child poverty who focus was to direct increased welfare payments towards those people who are working in low paid jobs. The coalition is currently reducing benefit payments to families in work. As a result of these cuts, many children will evidently be thrust back into child poverty (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). A possible contention is that the coalition government argue that they seek to treat the symptoms of poverty, rather than the causes. However, their analyses of the causes are at best partial or incomplete. While in-work poverty is acknowledged, it is often buried beneath the rhetoric of welfare dependency (ESRC, 2011). The suggestion that previous methods to tackle child poverty have inevitably robbed people of their own responsibility and therefore led them to become dependent on the welfare state that simply hands out cash is absurd (Minujin Nandy, 2012). Work is frequently referred to as the favoured route out of poverty. Although the government have introduced numerous policies to make work pay there are countless families that still do not earn enough money to attempt to lift their family out of poverty (Barnardos, 2009). More than half of all children currently living in poverty have a parent in paid work (DWP, 2009). The Brown family have both parents out of work, with Anne having never been in paid work and Craig struggling to find regular employment since leaving the Army 8 years ago. Both parents have literacy difficulties and so require a complex package of support to enable them to improve their life chances of gaining employment that pays above the minimum wage in order for their family to no longer be living in poverty. According to the code of practice (HCPC, 2012) social workers are required toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ As mentioned previously, successive Neo Liberal governments uphold a functionalist ideology that frequently locates poverty in terms of personal responsibility and deficits. Managerialism As mentioned previously, services have changes over the past 20 years and this can be explained by the emergence of a managerial approach to how services are being delivered. Intrinsically, managerialism is a basic set of ideas that transpired from the New Right criticisms of welfare and is founded on the notion that public services need to be managed in the same way as profit-making organisations (Harris Unwin, 2009). In the UK there has been a rise in managerialism which can often lead to weakening the role and autonomy of social work practice. In the pursuit of becoming accountable and impartial, managers are attempting to control or prescribe practice in increasing detail which inexorably leads to reducing the opportunity for practitioners to implement individual reasoning. As a result, this leads to policies that represent rules that can often be described as inept and insensitive for the service user. Therefore, the tussle between the managerial and the professional control in social work practice is often a contested issue (Munro, 2008). As managerialism takes more control, then a shift towards defensive practice develops which results in procedures that are insensitive to the needs of families. In essence, the professional role of a social worker can be progressively reduced to a bureaucrat with no possibility for expertise or personalised responses In addition, a managerial approach causes conflict, as it emphasises the need for targets that will assess performance and the delivery of services (Brotherton et al, 20120). Furthermore, there is a correlation with an apparent distrust or autonomy of professionals. This has led to an upsurge in scrutiny by a variety of inspection bodies such as Ofsted and this has been extremely significant in the area of child protection following the high-profile cases of the deaths of Victoria Climbià © and Peter Connolly.

Lolita :: essays research papers

IT SEEMS TO BE QUITE AMUSING THE WAY THAT SO MANY PEOPLE GET SO BENT OUT OF SHAPE ABOUT A MOVIE NOT FOLLOWING A BOOK EXACTLY. THAT IS THE BEAUTY OF PROSE, AND THE WONDER OF CINEMA. WHY SHOULD THERE BE A WORD FOR WORD VISUALIZATION OF SOMETHING THAT ALREADY EXISTS QUITE HAPPILY? LOLITA IS A COMPELLING NOVEL, A FASCINATION READ; IS IT WRONG FOR AN ARTIST SUCH AS KUBRICK, OR ANYONE ELSE TO SUCCEED IN CREATING THAT AWESOME WORLD OF HUMBERT AND THE HAYES LADIES? IS IT IMMORAL FOR YET ANOTHER ARTIST TO COME ALONG AND WANT TO DO IT AGAIN, HIS WAY? OF COURSE NOT. AND IF, FOR INSTANCE, A STUDENT LONGED TO ADAPT LOLITA TO A THESIS, WOULD HE BE CRITICIZED? WELL, IN THE LAST INSTANCE, PROBABLY, BECAUSE THERE ISN’T ENOUGH FAITH TO GO AROUND FOR ALL STUDENTS TO TAKE ON A PROJECT SUCH AS THAT. BUT THAT’S JUST THE POINT, ISN’T IT? WHY SHOULDN’T THAT STUDENT GO ON WITH HIS IDEAS AND MAKE THE FILM HE WANTS TO? WHO HAS THE ABSOLUTE AUTHORITY TO SAY THAT HE WON’T BE ABLE TO PULL IT OFF, OR THAT IT’S NOT SOMETHING HE SHOULD BE FOCUSING ON RIGHT NOW? IT’S A RECOGNIZED STORY THAT WILL GUARANTEE AT LEAST A LITTLE BIT OF ATTENTION. THERE ARE INFINITE POSSIBILITIES IN ART. CINEMA, PAINTING, WRITING, PHOTOGRAPHY, THEY YIELD SUCH AN INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF FOCUS, AND TALENT, AND DECISION; NONE REPEATS ITSELF. WHEN INTERPRETATIONS ARE BRAINSTORMED, AND FINALLY REALIZED, THAT IS SOMEBODY’S ACHIEVEMENT, HOWEVER PERFECT OR IMPERFECT IN RELATION TO THE ORIGINAL. THERE ARE CRITICS WHO BELIEVE THAT MASTERPIECES ARE MEANT TO BE WHAT THEY ARE, AND THAT REMAKES ARE NOT WORTHY OF THEIR TITLES. BUT HOW CAN THIS BE, WHEN THERE ARE SO MANY THINGS NEW, AND SO MANY IDEAS STILL UNPRODUCED? TIME, ERAS, OUR PERSONAL EVOLUTION, GIVE US SO MUCH TO LOOK BACK ON, TO PONDER AND QUESTION. YOUNG ADULTS TODAY WILL READ LOLITA, AND WATCH THE FIRST MOVIE, AND THEN THE SECOND, AND THEY WILL BE MOST APT TO HONESTLY ENJOY THE LATEST RELEASE OVER KUBRICKS VERSION. THIS IS BECAUSE OF WHAT PEOPLE ARE ACCUSTOMED TO, OF COURSE. IF A VHS COPY OF LOLITA WITH JEREMY IRONS ON THE SLEEVE WAS SCREENED IN A GERIATRIC HOSPITAL, THE CONCLUSION WOULD BE MUCH DIFFERENT THAN IT WOULD BE AMONG YOUNG ADULTS. REPRODUCTIONS GIVE US WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITIES. LOLITA IS A SHINING EXAMPLE OF THIS.

Book Review: Black Feminist Thought (Patricia Hill Collins)

Alexandra Bobet HIST 3119 Spring 2013 Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (review) Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Ed. By Patricia Hill Collins. (New York: Routledge, 2000. ii, 336 pp. Cloth, $128. 28, ISBN 0-415-92483-9. Paper, $26. 21, 0-415-92484-7. ) Patricia Hill Collins’s work, Black Feminist Thought seeks to center Black Women into intersectionalist thought, addressing the power struggles that face them not only due to their race but also to the gender.Masculine rhetoric and powerful male leaders such as Huey P. Newton and Eldridge Cleaver have overshadowed Black Women’s stories, both in and out of the Civil Right Rights/Black Power Era. It is an analysis that defines Black Feminist Thought, instead of recycling former White Feminist philosophies and providing interpretations of them. However, she does integrate consciousness raising into the body of work, drawing in from her personal experiences while analyzing the texts of women such as Alice Walker and bell hooks.The second edition of Black Feminist Thought differs from the first in both the complexity and the depth of oppression and empowerment, spanning into a transnational level. Collins breaks down her novel into three parts. Part I: The Social Construction of Feminist Thought, Part II: Core Themes in Black Feminist Thought, and Part III: Black Feminism, Knowledge, and Power. Bobet 2 Part I: The Social Construction of Feminist Thought covers the history of oppression of black women from various sectors.White feminism has failed women which use of essentialist philosophy, which Collins uses in the relationship between Rebecca Felton and Ida B Wells, the former praised by White feminists even though she was an advocate of lynching. Collins touches upon Black leadership and how it has addressed gender, in particular the case of Elaine Brown and the Black Panther Party of Oakland. Among Afric an-American female scholars there has been a concern in the masculinist bias of Black political and social thought.With these mediums of oppression, her first theory, referred to as the Matrix of Domination is brought up. Previous models of oppression were considered additive, or hierarchal, meaning that they must be ranked. Collins uses the experiences of black women to explain that all these modes of oppression, gender, race and class are interlocking and equally important when viewing domination. This bleeds mores into Part II, but the essentials are discussed in this section. While there is validity in this matrix, Collins’s approach is from a group level, and it does not cover how the individual may use the matrix.While it is true that all these modes of oppression are at play, it would be more beneficial for the individual to place a value on these modes. For one individual, race may be more of a factor than gender, for another individual it may differ, and so on. Anoth er critique of the matrix of oppression is how it does not address, sexual orientation, ableism, and ethnicity, among others. Part II: Core Themes in Black Feminist Thought tackles five themes: 1) a legacy of struggle, 2) treatment of the interlocking nature of race, class, and gender, 3) Bobet 3 eplacement of stereotyped images of black womanhood with those that are self defined, 4) black women’s activism, and 5) sensitivity to black sexual politics. The first three themes correlate to black motherhood and living in a binary environment, one in which black people are the oppressed and white people are the oppressors. Images of black womanhood have been terribly distorted to show stereotypes such as the unwed teenage mother and the welfare mother.Black women’s activism, one of the last core themes of the text, has been more of a desire for group survival and cohesion than any political motives, as seen with the story of Sara Brooks and her job as a domestic worker. Her job speaks larger volumes to political activism and the nature of oppression than many political texts, according to Collins. This outlook parallels many of bell hooks’s essays, especially â€Å"Theory As A Liberatory Practice. † This essay addresses the powers of the Sara Brookses of the world and how their actions complement the discourse that is being forged.Part III: Black Feminism, Knowledge, and Power comprises of the edits not found in the first edition. Drawing from experiences from Senegalese, American, and British Black feminists, the matrix of race, gender, and class oppressions are still relevant to all nations, despite diversity. Angela Davis is frequently cited as a champion of this transnational empowerment She encourages Black Women of privilege to not â€Å"ignore the straits of our sisters who are acquainted with the immediacy of oppression in a way many of us are not,† fueling Collins’s core theme of a type of feminism rooted in sister hood and familial ties.Analysis of oppression from a nationalistic point of view is represented, drawing further from her original gender/race/class matrix. Bobet 4 To conclude, Black Feminist Thought is thorough and crucial text because of how vigilantly it attempts (and successfully so) to not be another spin on White feminism. Using the methodological approach of historical materialism, it addresses the concerns that Black women have on the heels of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements.Concerns with the narrative are that while it does explain the roots of consciousness raising and feminist thought in Black Power movements, the overwhelming amount of text is based on the interpretations of writers such as Alice Walker, bell hooks, and Audre Lorde, much less on intellectuals. Collins touches upon the efforts of Elaine Brown, Angela Davis, and also provides a personal account of Francis Beale and her experience with racism in SNCC. Beale’s experiences with sexism, for example influenced her essay, â€Å"Black Women’s Manifesto; Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and A Woman. I found Collins’s assertion of what is a feminist to be inclusionary and not in any way rejecting masculinity, but more how the masculine rhetoric that has oppressed women should be rejected. Black feminist rhetoric created in backlash has centered on community awareness, and a sense of identity through a group. While Collins alludes to capitalism as also being a contributing factor in the oppression of Black women, there was not as much concrete evidence to support that as much as there was racism and sexism. Patricia Hill Collins forms a text that finally draws a map into the complexity of oppression and empowerment.